VENEZIA
Venetië Venice
HISTORY |
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Though no suriving historical records deal
directly with the founding of Venice tradition and the available evidence
have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice
consisted of refugees—from nearby Roman cities such
as Padua, Aquileia, Treviso, Altino, and Concordia
(modern Portogruaro), as well as from the undefended countryside—who
were fleeing successive waves
of Germanic and Hun invasions. This is further
supported by the documentation on the so-called "apostolic
families", the twelve founding families of Venice who elected the first
doge, who in most cases trace their lineage back to Roman families. Some
late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen, on the islands in the
original marshy lagoons, who were referred to as incolae lacunae ("lagoon dwellers"). The
traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church,
that of San Giacomo on the islet of Rialton (Rivoalto, "High
Shore")—said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421
(the Feast of the Annunciation). Beginning as early as AD 166–168,
the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed
the main Roman town in the area, present-day Oderzo. This part of Roman Italy
was again overrun in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50
years later, by the Huns led by Attila. The last and most enduring
immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula, that of the
Lombards in 568, left then Eastern Roman Empire only a small strip of
coastline in the current Veneto, including Venice. The Roman/Byzantine
territory was organized as the Exarchate of Ravenna, administered from that
ancient port and overseen by a viceroy (the Exarch) appointed by the Emperor
in Constantinople. Ravenna and Venice were connected only by sea routes,
and with the Venetians' isolation came increasing autonomy. New ports were
built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The
tribuni maiores formed the earliest central standing governing committee of
the islands in the lagoon, dating from c.568. The traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo
Lucio Anafesto (Anafestus Paulicius), was elected in 697, as written in the
oldest chronicle by John, deacon of Venice c. 1008. Some modern
historians claim Paolo Lucio Anafesto was actually the Exarch Paul, and
Paul's successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Paul's magister militum (or
general"), literally "master of soldiers". In 726 the
soldiers and citizens of the exarchate rose in a rebellion over the
iconoclastic controversy, at the urging of Pope Gregory II. The exarch, held
responsible for the acts of his master, Byzantine Emperor Leo III, was
murdered, and many officials were put to flight in the chaos. At about this
time, the people of the lagoon elected their own independent leader for the
first time, although the relationship of this to the uprisings is not clear. Ursus
was the first of 117 doge (doge is the Venetian dialectal equivalent of the
Latin dux ("leader");,. Whatever his original views, Ursus
supported Emperor Leo III's successful military expedition to recover
Ravenna, sending both men and ships. In recognition of this, Venice was
"granted numerous privileges and concessions" and Ursus, who had
personally taken the field, was confirmed by Leo as dux. and given the
added title of hypatus (from the Greek for "consul"). In 751, the Lombard King Aistulf conquered
most of the Exarchate of Ravenna, leaving Venice a lonely and increasingly
autonomous Byzantine outpost. During this period, the seat of the local
Byzantine governor (the "duke/dux", later "doge"), was
at Malamocco. Settlement on the islands in the lagoon probably increased
with the Lombard conquest of other Byzantine territories, as refugees sought asylum
in the area. In 775/6, the episcopal seat of Olivolo (San Pietro di
Castello, namely Helipolis was created. During the reign of duke Agnello
Particiaco (811–827) the ducal seat moved from Malamocco to the more
protected Rialto, within present-day Venice. The monastery of
St. Zachary and the first ducal palace and basilica of
St. Mark, as well as a walled defense (civitatis
murus) between Olivolo and Rialto, were subsequently built here. Charlemagne sought to subdue the city to
his rule. He ordered the pope to expel the Venetians from the Pentapolis along
the Adriatic coast; Charlemagne's own son Pepin of Italy, king
of the Lombards, under the authority of his father, embarked on a siege of
Venice itself. This, however, proved a costly failure. The siege lasted six
months, with Pepin's army ravaged by the diseases of the local swamps and
eventually forced to withdraw in 810. A few months later, Pepin himself died,
apparently as a result of a disease contracted there. In the aftermath, an
agreement between Charlemagne and the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus in
814 recognized Venice as Byzantine territory, and granted the city trading
rights along the Adriatic coast. In 828 the new city's prestige increased with
the acquisition, from Alexandria, of relics claimed to be of St
Mark the Evangelist; these were placed in the new basilica. Winged
lions—visible throughout Venice—are the emblem of St Mark. The
patriarchal seat was also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to
develop, and as Byzantine power waned, its own autonomy grew, leading to
eventual independence. Expansion Fom the 9th to the 12th century, Venice
developed into a city state (an Italian thalassocracy or repubblica
marinara; there were three others: Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi).
Its own strategic position at the head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval
and commercial power almost invulnerable. With the elimination of pirates
along the Dalmatian coast, the city became a flourishing trade center
between Western Europe and the rest of the world—especially with the Byzantine
Empire and Asia), where its navy protected sea routes against
piracy. The Republic
of Venice seized a number of places on the eastern shores of the
Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because pirates based
there were a menace to trade. The doge already possessed the titles of Duke
of Dalmatia and Duke of Istria. Later mainland possessions,
which extended across Lake Garda as far west as the Adda River,
were known as the Terraferma; they were acquired partly as a buffer
against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee Alpine trade
routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland wheat (on which the city
depended). In building its maritime commercial empire, Venice dominated the
trade in salt acquired control of most of the islands in the Aegean,
including Crete, and Cyprus in the Mediterranean, and became a
major power-broker in the Near East. By the standards of the time,
Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened
and the citizens of such towns as Bergamo, Brescia, and Verona rallied
to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders. Venice remained closely associated with
Constantinople, being twice granted trading privileges in the Eastern Roman
Empire, through the so-called golden bulls or
"chrysobulls", in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist
Norman and Turkish incursions. In the first chrysobull, Venice acknowledged
its homage to the empire; but not in the second, reflecting the decline
of Byzantium and the rise of Venice's power. Venice became an imperial power following
the Fourth Crusade, which, having veered off course, culminated in 1204
by capturing and sacking Constantinople and establishing
the Latin Empire. As a result of this conquest, considerable Byzantine
plunder was brought back to Venice. This plunder included the gilt
bronze horses from the Hippodrome of Constantinople, which were
originally placed above the entrance to the cathedral of Venice, St
Mark's Basilica (The originals have been replaced with replicas, and are
now stored within the basilica.) After the fall of Constantinople, the former
Eastern Roman Empire was partitioned among the Latin crusaders and the
Venetians. Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of influence in the
Mediterranean known as the Duchy of the Archipelago, and captured Crete.
The seizure of Constantinople proved as decisive
a factor in ending the Byzantine Empire as the loss of the Anatolian themes,
after Manzikert. Although the Byzantines recovered control of the
ravaged city a half-century later, the Byzantine Empire was terminally weakened,
and existed as a ghost of its old self, until Sultan Mehmet The
Conqueror took the city in 1453. Situated on the Adriatic Sea, Venice had
always traded extensively with the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world.
By the late 13th century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of
Europe. At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating
3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce. Venice's leading families
vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and to support the work of
the greatest and most talented artists. The city was governed by the Great
Council, which was made up of members of the noble families of Venice. The
Great Council appointed all public officials, and elected a Senate of 200 to
300 individuals. Since this group was too large for efficient administration,
a Council of Ten (also called the Ducal Council, or the Signoria),
controlled much of the administration of the city. One member of the great
council was elected "doge", or duke, to be the chief executive; he
would usually hold the title until his death, although several Doges were
forced, by pressure from their oligarchical peers, to resign and
retire into monastic seclusion, when they were felt to have been
discredited by political failure. The Venetian governmental structure was
similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an
elected chief executive (the doge), a senator-like assembly of nobles, and
the general citizenry with limited political power, who originally had the
power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected doge. Church
and various private property was tied to military service,
although there was no knight tenure within the city itself.
The Cavalieri di San Marco was the only order of chivalry ever
instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order
without the government's consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its
independent period, and politics and the military were kept separate, except
when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military. War was regarded as
a continuation of commerce by other means. Therefore the city's
early employment of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and
later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was
preoccupied with commerce). Although the people of Venice generally
remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was notable for its
freedom from religious fanaticism, and executed nobody for religious heresy
during the Counter-Reformation. This apparent lack of zeal contributed
to Venice's frequent conflicts with the papacy. In this context, the
writings of the Anglican divine William Bedell are particularly
illuminating. Venice was threatened with the interdict on a number
of occasions and twice suffered its imposition. The second, most noted,
occasion was in 1606, by order of Pope Paul V The newly invented German printing press spread
rapidly throughout Europe in the 15th century, and Venice was quick to adopt
it. By 1482, Venice was the printing capital of the world; the leading
printer was Aldus Manutius, who invented paperback books that could be
carried in a saddlebag] His Aldine Editions included
translations of nearly all the known Greek manuscripts of the era. Decline[ Venice's long decline started in the 15th
century. Venice confronted the Ottoman Empire in the Siege of
Thessalonica (1422–1430) and sent ships to help defend Constantinople against
the besieging Turks in 1453. After the Fall of Constantinople Sultan
Mehmed II declared the first of a series of Ottoman-Venetian wars that
cost Venice much of its eastern Mediterranean possessions. Vasco da Gama's
1497–1499 voyage opened a sea route to India around the Cape
of Good Hope and destroyed Venice's monopoly. Venice's oared
vessels were at a disadvantage when it came to traversing oceans,
therefore Venice was left behind in the race for colonies.[ The Black
Death had devastated Venice in 1348 and struck again between 1575 and
1577. In three years, the plague killed some 50,000 people. In
1630, the Italian plague of 1629–31 killed a third of Venice's
150,000 citizens. Venice began to lose its position as a center
of international trade during the later part of the Renaissance as
Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East,
striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth. France and Spain
fought for hegemony over Italy in the Italian Wars,
marginalising its political influence. However, Venice remained a major
exporter of agricultural products and until the mid-18th century, a
significant manufacturing center] |
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HERALDRY |
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THE ARMS OF VENICE ARE THE WINGED AND NIMBED
LION OF ST. Mark, resting his right cllaw on an open book with the words: PAX
TIBI MARCE EVANGELISTA MEVS. Origin The oldest patron saint of Venice is St. Theodore. In 810, the Franks under Pepin, King of
Italy, invaded Venice. The treaty concluded between the Franks and Byzantium,
the Pax Nicephori (811), left
Venice a great deal of sovereignty. The need arose for a patron saint who could
express this sovereignty. The Greek saint St. Theodore was less suitable for
this because he emphasized the ties with Byzantium. St. Mark was chosen
because a legend associated him with Venice. The evangelist is said to have
been caught in a storm on a voyage from Alexandria to Aquileia and washed
ashore at present-day Rialto. Here an angel welcomed him with the words
"Peace be upon you, Marcus the Evangelist, here your body will
rest" or, in Latin: "Pax tibi
Marce Evangelista meus, hic requiescat corpus tuum |
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Hypothesis on the appearance of the statue over the centuries |
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".Lion
of St Mark on the Piazetta A latin cross on te capital,
symbol of christian faith |
Phase II 4th 6th century A.D. The lion griffin is reduced to a lion Phase III. (12th century) the lion is transformed into the symbol of St Mark Phase IV (1293) Reconstruction (Bertucius) Phase V and VI’(1816 and 1892) Ferrari´s reconstruction and Boni´s
restoration |
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In 1892, the bronze lion was once again
restored by the architect Luigi Vendrasco. In the year 828 the Venetians made a trip to Alexandria where Mark's
bones had been buried, stole the relic and transferred it to Venice. The
report of this tour can be found as a picture story in the Basilica of St.
Mark in Venice. The bones were first housed in the old St. Mark, which was
completed in 832 and located not far from the current cathedral. [1]) The seal of the Venetian magistrate, as used from the twelfth century
to the end of the Republic, is believed to bear an image of the evangelist.
Initially he would also have stood on the banners of the Republic. However,
there is reason to doubt this. An overview of the seals of the Venetian Doges
shows that they depict a scene of enfeofment in which the various suzereins
hand out a banner to the Doge. [2]) On 9 May of the year 1000, the Bishop of Olivolo awarded a sacred
standard to Doge Pietro Orseolo II (991-1009). The next day the Doge visited
the Patriarch of Aquileia Vitale Candiano who presented him with the relics
of St. Hermagoras. This St. Hermagoras had been a friend of Mark, who had
made him the first patriarch of Aquileia. In fact, one might think that the
banner was awarded by St Mark, albeit with the intervention of the Patriarch
of Aquileia, and this is the prevailing opinion. |
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Development of te banner of St
Mark |
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The Banner at the theft of the corpse, 828 arrival of the
corpse of St Mark on a pala d’oro 10th-14th cemtury San Marko, Venice,
great altar Reconstruction On the seals of the Doges on
one side unmistakably is the Doge, recognizable by his headdress, a duke's
hat. [3]) On the other side, however, is
not an image of St Mark but, judging by the clothing and paraphernalia, of
the suzerain. On the oldest seals (1130-1178) this figure is probably the
Byzantine Emperor. Then the Emperor of the Holy Empire (1178-1205) appears.
On the seals after 1205 the emperor was replaced by a clergyman, probably the
Pope. Finally, from 1261 onwards there is a clergyman in bishop's robe next
to the Doge and this undoubtedly refers to the Patriarch of Venice The seals from 1130 to 1178 have the oldest standard but it is
indistinguishable what is on them |
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First type 1178-1205 Five besants |
Second type 1205-1261 Four besants |
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Giovanni Graenigo,
doge 1355-1356 |
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IV Type 1261-1423 winged on |
Type V, 1423-1476 winged lion |
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It is unclear as to when the Republic officially
adopted the flag. One chronicler, John the Deacon, described how in 998 Doge
Pietro Orseolo II (961-1009) was presented with a "triumphale vexillum" (triumphal banner) before leading a
naval expedition against the Narentines, pirates who moored off the eastern
coast of the Adriatic and harassed Venetian seamen. However, this chronicle
does not explicitly mention the use of the Lion of St. Mark within the flag
or mention the colours used upon the banner. The first definitive recording of the usage
of the Lion of Saint Mark on a red field dates back to the late thirteenth
century Genoese archivist Jacopo da Varazze explicitly makes reference to the
Lion of St. Mark as the official symbol for Venice. He also mentions how the
phrase "PAX TIBI MARCE EVANGELISTA MEUS" was found on the flag The winged lion was chosen as a symbol of
Venice due to its connotations with Saint Mark. Venetian tradition states how
Saint Mark was travelling from Aquileia to Rome when an Angel appeared whilst
he was in the lagoon of Venice and stated Pax
tibi, Marce, evangelista meus. Hic requiescet corpus tuum' (Peace be with
thee, O Mark, my evangelist. Here thy body will rest).The legend was used in
828 by Venetian merchants Rustico da Torcello and Bon da Malamocco to justify
their journey to Alexandria to return the corpse of Saint Mark to Venice
and inter it within the city. From that moment Saint Mark became the patron
saint of Venice and thus began the association between the city and the
winged lion. For 337 years 12 Gonfaloniera, mercenaries
from Perast (modern day Montenegro), were appointed by the Venetian senate to
guard the flag of the Republic at all times on the pain of death. 8 were
executed in 1571 after the Battle of Lepanto for failing to protect it. Following the fall of the Republic of Venice
in 15 May 1797 by France and Austria, and on 1 June a Public Salvation
Comitee decreed that the lion be supressed throughout Venice. and
replaced by a bkue and yellow flag. It seems that these colours were adopted
because they were favorits of Napoleon
Usage of the Lion of Saint Mark in the flag
of Venice would not return until 1848, when it appeared in the canton of the
flag of the Republic of San Marco. |
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In 1167 Venice belonged to the Lombard
League, which brought it into conflict with Frederick Barbarossa. In the same
year, the Republic was also attacked by Emperor Manuel of Byzantium, who
conquered the Dalmatian coast, which was important to Venice. In 1172, the
city found itself in a very difficult political situation as it was at war
with two emperors at the same time, with an empty treasury and a demoralized
population. The banner on the seals from 1178 to 1205 has three slips and the
canvas has five tokens. It dates from immediately after the Peace of Venice
between the Lombard League and the Pope on the one hand and Frederick
Barbarossa on the other (23.07.1177). [4]). According to legend, it was
precisely at this time that the two columns on the Piazetta were placed on
which possibly, a bronze lion was placed. It is not out of the question,
although the sources are silent, that the lion had already been brought to
Venice beforehand. [5]) In the last half of the 12th century, the
lion was already a quite common symbol of the secular monarchs in the west.
In any case, he already occurs in connection with Henry the Lion of Saxony
who had a lion placed in the courtyard of his castle in Brunswick in 1166 and
also in connection with the Kings of England and Sicily. In view of the
political situation in Venice during the placement, it is unlikely that the
lion on the Piazetta had wings from the beginning. This is confirmed by the
coat of arms of Marino Morosini (1246-'53), which was hung in the Basilica of
St. Mark at his death. Unfortunately the shield has been lost, but it is said
to have had an ordinary heraldic lion on it. [6]) The style of the seal was changed again after
the 4th Crusade. After 1205 the ducal seals have a banner with four besants.
Baudouin of Flanders had received the Latin Empire from the Pope as a fief
and in fact after that time the Pope was the ultimate suzerain of Venice,
also because an imperial crisis had arisen in the West. In addition, Venice,
as a result of the 4th Crusade in the Aegean Sea, had come into possession of
an entire empire that was nominally a fief to the Latin Empire. After the collapse of the Latin Empire in
1261, the problem of suzerainty in Venice probably arose again. In the West
there was no longer an emperor after the collapse of the imperial power of
the Hohenstaufen. The Eastern Emperor was not sympathetic to the Venetian
power and the Pope as liege lord proved to have been unsuccessful either. In
this context, total sovereignty was chosen. The source of this sovereignty
became St. Mark and the Patriarch of Aquileia / Grado who was entirely within
the reach of Venice. In 1261, in the same year of the fall of the Latin
Empire, the style on the seals was changed again. The suzerain who hands out
the banner is now a clergyman in bishop's garb, the banner is a (white)
banner with a winged lion, the symbol of Mark. At the same time or perhaps
earlier, the mosaic was placed in the San Marco, depicting the transfer of
the corpse of St Mark to Venice. From a phase reconstruction of the lion on
the Piazetta, it remains unclear when the wings are (re) turned on. [7]). However, a report from the end
of the century clearly shows that back then the lion already had wings. The
text of the Decree of the Grand Council of 14 May 1293 leaves open the
possibility that the lion was then “modified” and not “restored” (which would
be the case if the lion had always been regarded as a symbol of St Mark). The
passage in question reads: 'Item, quod Leo, qui
est supra columpnam, debeat aptari de denarijs qui accipientur de gratia Vini
et lignaminis'. The word “aptari
Repubblica San Marco vessili can be translated in one or the other sense. [8]) With the adaptation of the lion to the
Piazetta, the development towards formal sovereignty of the Republic was
completed. The relationship with the Holy See had not been one that left open
the possibility of restoring the Pope's suzerainty. After the Sicilian
Vespers, the Republic had refused to participate in a crusade against Peter
of Aragon proclaimed by Pope Martin IV in 1284 in favor of Charles of Anjou.
As punishment for this, Martin IV had excommunicated the city for the first
time in its history in the same year. However, the abolition of the
excommunication in the following year by Martin IV's successor, Honorius IV
(1285-'87) restored relations. [9]) The changes to the lion in 1293, however,
prove that there was no longer any question of a subordination of the
Republic to the Holy See. The lion of St. Mark obviously had a
completely different symbolism than the common lion. A lion was alternately seen
by Augustine as the symbol of Matthew, John and Christ.[10] In the fifth century, however,
Celio Sedulio thought: “Marcus ut alta
fremit vox per deserta leonis” and from this time the lion is the symbol
of St Mark. Presumably after the Council of Nicaea in 787, it became
customary to represent the symbols of the Evangelists, a lion, an eagle, a
man and an ox, winged. The wingless lion became the symbol of worldly power,
especially that of Christ. St Mark's winged lion has no direct
connections to the winged lions of Persia and China. [11]) Subsequent
Developments. Once transformed into the symbol of St. Mark,
the lion was depicted in images to serve as the coat of arms of the Republic,
supported by an open book bearing the words "Pax Tibi Marce Evangelista Mevs". Presumably he is
already so on the banner of the Republic that it was adopted around 1261.
Mario Sanudo's map from 1321 shows this banner, the winged lion with nimbus
and book on a white canvas. Not long after that, the background on the banner
must have turned red. It is thus depicted in the painting by Spinello Aretino
(late 14th century) in Siena that depicts the battle of the Venetians against
Frederick Barbarossa. Also on the shields of the Venetians there is the lion of
St. Mark on a red field.[12] ) More images of the lion of St. Mark as a
symbol of the Republic are known from the fourteenth century. On a coin it
appears for the first time on a silver soldo by Francesco Dandolo (1329-'39).
On a seal he stands for the first time on that of Francesco Loredana, elected
ruler of Serravallo, and thus a vassal of the Republic, on a document dated.
8 October 1351.[13]) The civic and pre-heraldic origin of the
Venice symbol is mainly betrayed in the freedom with which it was presented.
It is often unclear whether it is the symbol of the Republic or the symbol of
the Evangelist. In general, it is depicted as free standing. Sometimes he
lies down, but he can also sit or stand. Sometimes he is turned to the right,
sometimes to the left. Early on he is depicted from the front (at Sanudo and
Aretino). In the fifteenth century, the lion is placed in front of a blue
background. This can be seen in the lion on the “Torre dell 'Orologio” which
dates from the end of the 15th century. From the sixteenth century, the lion is
depicted standing on the coast with its front legs on land and its hind legs
in the sea. When the lion was put on a shield in sixteenth century
engravings, the field turned blue, the lion gold. The shield is later covered
by a duke's crown or a doge's cap. [14]) Lion of St MarcTorre dell Orologio 1493 ca Meanwhile, the lion on the banner was always
placed on a red background. 1550 ca 1700 ca In addition to the single coat of arms, a
more complex coat of arms came into use in the 18th century that closely
follows developments in government heraldry in the rest of Europe. It is
divided into sixteen spaces with a heart shield and four co-shields so that
all areas controlled by the Republic could be represented by their coat of
arms. Around the shield is a gold-embroidered purple cloak emerging from one
with the doge’s cap crowned dome falls. [15] Characteristically, by the time
this achievement appeared, the power of the Republic had diminished to an
eventual fatal low point. The Fall of the
Republic. The French Era. On his Italian campaign in 1797, arriving at
Venice, Napoleon Bonaparte issued a number of ultimata to the Venetian
government in early May, which in effect constituted the liquidation of the
old order. On 12 May the Serenissima gave in and in the following days a
revolutionary regime was established under French protection. One of the ultimata had already been that the
dignity marks of the former government should be burned at the foot of the
Freedom Tree. [16]) The revolutionary government of Venice,
following the example of the French Republic, forbade the use of all heraldic
symbols, including the lion of St. Mark. A decree dated 29 May 1797
stipulated that "1o All lions that can be regarded as coats
of arms or reminders of the former government must be removed from their
place". [17] Decreta “PRIMO. – Che tutti què leoni che considerati sono como
stemmi, o indicazioni del passato Governo, sieno levati da tutti i luoghi ove esistono” “SECONDO - Che il presente Decreto sia demandato al comitato di Salute
Pubblica per la sua esecuzione“ Data li 29 Maggio
1797, V.S. Anno primo della Libertà Italiana ROTA Vice
Presidente PIETRO GIO.
CARMINATI Segretario The lion that stood on the column on the
Piazetta also fell victim to this. He was taken from the column and was
severely mutilated. The remainder, consisting of the head with the mane and a
front leg with part of the belly, was transported to Paris where it was given
a place in the Hôtel des Invalides. Emblem of Venice 19-05-1797 – 17-10-1797 The symbol used by the revolutionary
government of the city was, following the symbol of France, a standing
Liberty with fasces and stake with a phrygian cap. Legend: Municipalitá di
Venezia. Motto: LIBERTA EGUAGLIANZA (Freedom and Equality). [18]) The symbol was used until Venice after the peace of Campo Formio of 17 October 1797 when a duchy was annexed to the Austrian Monarchy. For the duchy, a coat of arms is mentioned in the decree on the great imperial coat of arms of 5 November 1804. The passage in question reads: |
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(...) einem Mittelschilde, der mit der Herzoglich = Venetianischen Mütze
bedeckt ist, und im blauen Felde, den aufgerichteten, güldenen, geflügelten
Löwen des saint Markus darstellet, im dessen haupt
ein güldener Schein geht, und der in de rrechte Pranke ein blosses Schwert
hält, roads of the Hertogthums Venedig. " [19]) a central shield, which is covered with the
ducal = Venetian cap, and in the blue field depicts the upright, golden,
winged lion of Saint Mark, in whose head a golden glow goes, and who holds a
bare sword in his right paw, roads of the Hertogthums Venice. Instead of the old bronze lion, a much
smaller gilded lion was now made, again with the open book but also armed
with a sword. In 1805, the entire area of the
former Margraviate of Verona and Aquileia, along with Venice, became part of
Napoleon's Italian Kingdom. In the royal coat of arms, Venice in the
fourth quarter is represented by the lion standing with the sword, now
without open book and crowned with a royal crown, on a blue field. This also
became the city's coat of arms. It was surrounded by the same showpieces as
the royal coat of arms: the star and collar of the Legion of Honor, the French
eagle and the green royal robe studded with silver roses.[20]) The arms were changed by patent of 9 January
1813. On a blue field now stood a winged, glaring, golden lion's head. Above
it is a green shield head with the letter "N" and three six-petal
roses of gold which the city deserved as "Good City" in the
Napoleonic rank. A golden garland around the shield and a wall crown with a
protruding French eagle on top. [21] Decreto del 9 gennaio
1813, «Napoleone I, con lettere patenti 9 gennaio 1813, concesse alla“ Buona
Città di Venezia ”il seguente stemma:“ d'azzurro con la testa di leone alata
d'oro, posto in maestà: terminato dal capo di verde colla lettera N d'oro
posta nel cuore ed accostata da tre rose di sei foglie, del medesimo”» Decree of 9 January 1813, "Napoleon I,
with patent letters 9 January 1813, granted the "Good City of
Venice" the following coat of arms: "blue with the head of a winged
golden lion, placed in majesty: terminated by a green chief with the letter N
of gold placed in the heart and next to three roses of six leaves, of the
same |
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Restoration and
Kingdom. At the 1815 Restoration, the Kingdom of Italy
came under the Austrian crown from 1805 as the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom. The
lion of St. Mark was restored to its old form in the coat of arms. Nimbus and
Book returned, the lion depicted lying down. The showpieces were adapted
while maintaining the order of the Empire. The garland became a wreath of oak
branches, the crown a burial crown (!) And the eagle the double Austrian. In 1815, what remained of the Venetian lion
of the Piazetta was returned and restored and supplemented by the sculptor
Bartolomeo Ferrari. The lion was given Empire-style wings. The independent rebellious republic of 1848
restored the traditional standing St. Mark's lion as e.g. can be seen on
coins of the "Governo Provisorio di Venezia" and of the
"Repubblica Veneta" that were minted that year. The lion was not
placed on a shield on this. Following this, the coat of arms was
recognized by Emperor Franz Joseph on 7 November 1854 as blue with a Marcus
lion turned to the right with the book open. [22] ) In 1866 Venice became part of the Kingdom of
Italy. Arms of Venice, 1902 On 1 May 1942, the Venice coat of arms was
redone by King Victor Emmanuel III. The lion, still on a blue field, was now
depicted directly from the front, with the rear body hidden behind the wings
and the front legs holding the book. [23] ) A chief of the italian fasces added bij royal decree of
14-10-1933, n. 1440 l Ritornando the coat of arms of the Province
of Venice, remember that from 1934 will appear loaded with the head of the
Littorio. The head of the Littorio, in fact, as already
mentioned, made his appearance with the Royal Decree of 24 October 1933,
n. 1440, where it was foreseen, in the shields of municipalities and
provinces and other moral entities, such a piece that is "of red
(purple) to the golden fasces, surrounded by two branches of oak and laurel,
knotted by a ribbon in national colors ". The head of the Littorio in the shields
obviously served to symbolize the indissoluble union of the local authorities
with the fascist regime. And Neubecker rightly notes: "The
medieval Italian use of expressing belonging to a political party by means of
the head of the shield was continued during Fascism in many coats of arms of
Italian cities".23) The head, heraldically, is an honorable
piece, with a wide band, which occupies the third upper part of the shield. In heraldry, the head is very
common; famous the head of the Empire, the head of Savoy, the head of
Malta, the head of Anjou. This heraldic patch will be abolished with
the Lieutenancy Legislative Decree 26 October 1944 n. 313. But many
Bodies, ignoring the existence of this Lieutenancy Legislative Decree,
removed, at the fall of Fascism, only the golden bundle, surrounded by two
branches of oak and laurel, tied with a ribbon of national colors,
maintaining, instead, the garment in red, believing, wrongly, that this piece
belonged, instead, to the body of the body and not to the heraldic emblem of
fascism. Thus, for the city of Venice, before the DPR
6 November 1996, granting the new coat of arms, the coat of arms of Venice decreed
on 1 May 1942, with the head in red, was used, even in precious publications
of Venetian history. the gold fasces. 24) The same considerations apply to the coats of arms of the province of Venice and of the municipalities of Venice, Portogruaro, Jesolo and Caorle loaded in the banner of the provincial banner, made after World War II, where they all have a red head. 25) |
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The chief abolished by Lieutenancy Legislative
Decree 26 October 1944 n. 313 |
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Descrizione Araldica
dello Stemma D'azzurro, al leone d'oro, alato e nimbato dello stesso, con
la testa posta di fronte, accovacciato, tenente con le zampe anteriori avanti
al petto il libro d'argento, scritto delle parole in lettere maiuscole romane
di nero, PAX TIBI MARCE nella prima facciata, in quattro righe, ed
EVANGELISTA MEUS nella seconda facciata, similmente in quattro righe.
Ornamenti esteriori da Provincia Gonfalone Drappo di bianco, riccamente ornato di ricami
d'oro e caricato dallo stemma provinciale con la iscrizione centrata in oro,
recante la denominazione della Provincia. Le parti di metallo ed i cordoni
saranno dorati. L'asta verticale sarà ricoperta di velluto bianco, con
bullette dorate poste a spirale. Nella freccia sarà rappresentato lo stemma
della Provincia e sul gambo inciso il nome. Cravatta con nastri ricolorati
dai colori nazionali frangiati d'oro Bandiera Drappo di bianco, con altezza pari alla metà
della lunghezza, in essa lunghezza comprese sei strisce orizzontali
rettangolari, con lunghezza pari a circa un terzo della lunghezza
complessiva, il drappo caricato nella parte priva di strisce dalla stemma
concesso con D.P.R.15 aprile 1996. Riccamente ornato di ricami d'oro e
caricato dallo stemma con la iscrizione centrata in oro, recante la
denominazione della Provincia. L'asta verticale sarà ricoperta di velluto
bianco, con bullette dorate poste a spirale. Nella freccia sarà rappresentato
lo stemma della Provincia e sul gambo inciso il nome. Cravatta con nastri
tricolorati dai colori nazionali frangiati d'oro Cronologia Stemma e gonfalone concessi con Decreto
Presidente della Repubblica del 15 aprile 1996. bandiera concessa con decreto
del Presidente della Repubblica in data 11 gennaio 2002 |
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City of Venice |
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Seal |
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POLICE |
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Polizia Locale Veneto The local
police in Veneto is governed by the regional law 9 August 1988,
n. 40, [1] and includes the municipal police and
the provincial police . The service can be carried out in an associated
form, delegating the mountain communities . Breast patch |
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©
Hubert de Vries
[1]) Een vroege
vermelding van het vaandel door Villehardouin: "The Doge of Venice,
although an old man and completely blind, stood at the bow of his galley, with
the banner of Saint Mark unfurled before him. He cried out to his men to put
him on shore, or else he himself would deal with them as they deserved. They
obeyed him promptly, for the galley touched ground and the men in it leapt
ashore, bearing the banner of Saint Mark to land before the Doge. Joinville and
Villehardouin. Chronicles of the Crusades. Penguin Classics, London, 1963, p.
71. (Enrico Dandolo, 1192-1205, was de
belangrijkste initiatiefnemer van de vierde kruistocht die naar Constantinopel
werd afgeleid. De passage is onderdeel van de beschrijving van het eerste beleg
van C.)
[2]) Rosada, Maurizio: “Sigillum Sancti Marci”. Bolle e sigilli di Venezia. In: Ricci, Stefania ed.: Il Sigillo nella storia e nella cultura. Roma, 1985. pp. 110-148.
[3] [3])
in
726 was een zekere Orso door opstandelingen tegen het bewind van de Exarch van
Ravenna als Dux aan het hoofd van de provincie aangesteld. In het venetiaanse
dialect werd deze term later verbasterd tot "Doge" zonder dat echter
ook in de omringende landen de notie verdween dat de republiek eigenlijk werd
geleid door een hertog ook al werd deze steeds gekozen en werd het ambt niet
erfelijk in een bepaalde familie zoals vooral in de elfde en twaalfde eeuw op
vele plaatsten elders in Europa.
[4] Norwich op.cit. p. 113-114
[5] Scarfi, Bianca Maria: The Bronze Lion of St. Mark. In: Dezelfde, ed.: The Lion of Venice. Venice, 1990.
[6] [6]) Giandomenico
Romanelli: Tamquam Leo Rugiens. In:
Scarfi, op.cit. pp. 220 -221. De Doges voerden later
hun eigen wapen. Zo staat er in Camden Roll 1280 (20): Duc de Venise, l'escu de
gules od un chastel d'argent. (Jacopo Contarini, 1275-1280).
[7] Scarfi, op.cit. 1990, p.
111-113
[8] Scarfi, op.cit. 1990, p. 33.
[9] Norwich, John Julius: A History of Venice. 1982. p. 174-175
[10]
Augustinus: De Consensu evangelistarum lib. I. cap. 6.
[11] Scarfi op.cit 1990 Stylistic Analysis pp. 79-99. In China komen gevleugelde leeuwen zeker voor vanaf het tijdperk van de Westelijk Zhou (1100-771 vC)
[12] Romanelli, op. cit. p. 219.
[13] Musatti, E. op.cit. p. 9-10
[14] Romanelli, op.cit. p. 222-226. Blaauw, J. Dominio
Veneto nell' Italia. 1635.(Kaart).
[15] Der durchlauchtigen Welt volständiges Wappenbuch. T.
I. Nürnberg, 1772.
[16] Norwich, J.J. op.cit. 1982, p. 629.
[17] Santalena, A.: Leoni di S.
Marco. Venezia, 1906, p. 9.
[18] In het Museo dell'Risorgimento van het Museo Correr
in Venetië is het vignet van de Municipalitá te zien in de vitrines van de eerste
zaal.
[19] In Gall, F.:
Oesterreichische Wappenkunde. Wien,
1977, p. 72.
[20] Museo dell'Risorgimento,
Venetië. De wapencompositie staat op een
messing plaquette met het omschrift: C: MUNICIPALE DE SAVI DI VENEZIA.
[21] Een messing plaquette met het omschrift "IL PODESTA DI VENEZIA" toont drie achtpuntige sterren. (Museo dell'Risorgimento, Venezia).
[22] Hiervan luidt de blazoenering, gegeven door Der
Deutsche Herold: Venedig: Im blauen Schilde der rechts
gekehrte goldene Markuslöwe, in den Vorderpranken ein aufgeschlagenes Buch, auf
dessen rechten Seite die Worte: Pax tibi Marce, auf dessen linken Seite:
Evangelista Meus in schwarzer Lapidarschrift zu lesen, vor sich haltend. (7.XI.1854)
[23] Albo Nazionale. Ass.
Hist. Fides, 1974, p. 155. "D'azzurro al leone d'oro, posto in maesta (in
"moleca", ossia a guisa di granchio), alato e nimbato d'oro, tenete
fra gli artigli il libro aperto dell'Evangelo su cui sta scritto, a lettere
nere, il motto: "Pax tibi Marce Evangelista meus". Descrizione del
sigillo: "Il Leone di S. Marco dello stemma, con la legenda "Citta di
Venezia"". Descrizione del gonfalone: "Drappo di colore rosso,
seminato di stelle d'oro, al leone di S. Marco passante d'oro, con le zampe
anteriori, di cui la destra con il libro dell'Evangelo, poggianti sulla terra,
da cui si erge una fortezza e con le posteriori nell'acqua. Intorno al drappo
una bordura con fregi d'oro e immagini sacre rappresentanti i quattro
evangelisti, l'Annunciazione e la Sacra Colomba. Il drappo terminera con sei
code ornate di simboli di guerra". Descrizione della bandiera:
"Drappo interzato in palo, di verde, di bianco e di rosso col campo verde
caricato di un quadrato rosso al leone di S S. Marco d'oro passante". Decreto
in data 1o maggio 1942.