TVER
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Around
1247, Tver was allotted to Prince Alexander
Yaroslavich Nevsky,
between 1252 and 1255 passed to his brother Yaroslav Yaroslavich, the ancestor of the Tver princely dynasty.In 1247, Tver became the
capital of the Principality
of Tver. The historical
core of ancient Tver was the Tver
Kremlin. The
geographical location of Tver on an important trade route connecting with
northeastern Russia, and its relative distance from the Horde, contributed to the influx of
people from other Russian lands to the region. The city grew rapidly. In
1265, Tver became the center of the diocese . Even the devastating fires of
1276 and 1282 typical of wooden old Russian cities could not prevent the
growth of the city. Тhe
growth of the city is due primarily to the fact that the political role of
Tver has changed. In 1264, Tver Prince Yaroslav became the Grand Prince of
Vladimir, but remained to live in Tver.Under the successor of Yaroslav, his
son, Prince Mikhail Yaroslavich , in Tver, for the first time in
Russia, after a 50-year break, chronicles and stone building were resumed
.The stone Three-domed Church of the Assumption was built in the Otroch
Monastery and the Transfiguration Cathedral. Along with the Kremlin, there were growing outposts, inhabited mainly by artisans. Evidence
of the increased power of Tver was the fact that in 1293 the Mongol-Tatar
commander Duden did not dare to storm the
city. The Tver princes, waging a struggle for the great reign of
Vladimir, tirelessly strengthened the city. The inhabitants of Tver were one
of the first to rise in an armed struggle against the Horde: in 1317 they
defeated the army of the Tatar commander Kavgadyi and Moscow Prince Yuri in
the battle of the village of Bortenevo
(Battle
of Bortenev). In
1323-1325, the stone church of Fyodor was built at the mouth of the T'maki.
In 1320, Princess Anna married her eldest son Dmitry to Mary, daughter of the
Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas. Since that time, Tver has
established ties with the Principality of Lithuania that lasted until 1488. In 1326,
Alexander Mikhailovich became the Grand Duke of Tver.In the summer of 1327,
after the arrival of the Khan’s ambassador Shevkal to the city, rumors spread about
the imminent conversion of the Tverites to Islam and the expulsion of
Alexander from the Tver throne. Although Alexander himself called for
“enduring,” a powerful anti-Horde revolt broke out in Tver on 15 August,
1327. With the help of Moscow Prince Ivan
Kalita, it was
brutally crushed, and Tver ravaged. Alexander Mikhailovich, whose role in the
uprising was not finally clarified, fled to Pskov. The suppression of the
rebellion marked the beginning of the decline of the political influence of
Tver. In the
14th century, in an ongoing battle with Moscow, the Tver princes continued to
strengthen the city, in 1372 a moat was dug and a shaft was laid from Volga
to Tmaki (in 1375, Moscow Prince Dmitry Ivanovich (Donskoy) could not take
Tver with a large army). Large construction work was carried out in Tver in
1387, 1395, 1413 and 1446-47 (as a rule, they were associated with the
aggravation of the political situation and the threat from Moscow). Speaking
from the end of the 13th century as an active opponent of the Horde, Tver was
subjected to repeated attacks by the Mongol-Tatars and Moscow until the
second half of the 15th century. In this
struggle, Tver gradually lost its primacy among the ancient principalities in
North-Eastern Russia. The role of the unifier of Russian lands was entrenched
in Moscow. Intense struggle undermined the forces of Tver, however, in the
14th and 15th- centuries, it remained a major trade, craft and cultural
center, one of the most developed Russian cities. In the
first half of the 15th century under Boris Alexandrovich Tver survived the last rise of its power as the center of an
independent principality. Extensive construction unfolded. The Kremlin built
a stone princely palace, the second in time after Bogolyubsky
in North-Eastern Russia; stone cathedral bell tower (1407); the stone
churches of Ivan the Merciful (1420), Boris and Gleb (1438), Michael the
Archangel (1455); stone churches in the Fedorovsky and Zheltikovo
monasteries. The economic growth of the city was accompanied by extensive
economic ties and diplomatic activity (the journey of Athanasius
Nikitin , the
participation of the Ambassador of Tver Prince Thomas in the Florence
Cathedral ). In 1488, Ivan III annexed Tver to the Principality
of Moscow, and
the Prince of Tver, Mikhail
Borisovich, led
to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[1] |
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List of Princes of Tver |
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1246–1272 Yaroslav 1272–1285 Svyatoslav 1285–1318 Michael the Saint 1318–1326 Dmitry the Terrible Eyes 1326–1327 Alexander I 1328–1338 Konstantin 1338–1339 Alexander I 1339–1346 Konstantin 1346–1351 Vsevolod 1351–1368 Vasily of Kashin 1368–1399 Mikhail
II, "Grand Prince of Tver" (c. 1375) 1400–1425 Ivan 1425 Alexander II 1425 Yury 1425–1461 Boris the Great 1461–1485 Mikhail
III the Exile In 1485,Ivan
III of Moscow
conquered Tver, and until 1490, his son Ivan the Younger governed the duchy [2] |
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1246–1272 |
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Seal of the Grand Duke of Tver and Vladimir, Yaroslav Yaroslavich with the image of
St.Theodora and Athanasius 13th century (1263-1271) |
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1285–1318 |
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Seal of the Grand Duke of
Tver and Vladimir, Mikhail Yaroslavich
with the image of Christ the Almighty and the Archangel Michael 13th century |
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1st term 1326–1327 2nd term
1338–1339 |
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Seal of the Grand Duke of
Tver and Vladimir Alexander Mikhailovich with images of Christ the Almighty
and St.Alexander Solunsky.The beginning 1326-1327/ 1338-1339 |
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In the second
half of the 14th century.these lands became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania,
Toropets became the center of extensive governorship, in which the governor, sent
from Vitebsk, sat. In Lithuania as far back as the 14th century. Under the
influence of Western European heraldic culture there were emblems that were
already called coats of arms. In the Russian annals, this fact did not go
unnoticed: “Having begun to reign over Lithuania, Viten invented a coat of
arms for the whole Principality of Lithuania: a knight with a sword, riding on
a horse which is now called the chase.” This emblem subsequently became the
emblem of the entire Grand Duchy of Lithuania and has not changed for many
centuries.The emblem depicted an armed knight in a helmet on a white
galloping horse, holding a shield in his left hand with two golden crosses
connected into one, and a raised sword in his right hand. The horse is shown
in fast running, as if in pursuit. Hence the name of the coat of arms -
"Vytis" (The chaser).
Seal of Vygantas,
1388 Polish Archives of Historical
Records, AGAD, parchment 4440th |
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"Grand Prince
of Tver" (c. 1375)1368–1399 |
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Drawing print of the Grand Duke
of Tver and Vladimir Dmitry Mikhailovich. The beginning 14th century |
Drawing print of the Grand
Duke of Tver and Vladimir Mikhail Alexandrovich. 1370s |
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1425–1461 |
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Domestic and Foreign Politics The year
1425 was devastating for the Principality of Tver. After the sudden death of
Vasily I of Moscow, in the same year plague killed three Grand Dukes of Tver:
Ivan Mikhailovich, Boris' father Aleksander Ivanovich and brother Jury
Aleksandrovich. Thus Boris Aleksandrovich became the ruler of the
principality. At the
beginning of his reign the muscovite Grand Prince Vasily II was very young,
so the power was concentrated in hands of his warden Vytautas of Lithuania
(1392-1430). That was the last chance for Tver to prevent Moscow from
complete dominance. In 1427 Boris I came to the service of Vytautas together
with Ivan III of Ryazan (1427-1457), still staying the ruler of Tver.
However, in 1430 Vytautas died and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania internal
strife.was intensified. Meanwhile in Rus' started the Muscovite Civil War
(1425-1453), that weakened the Moscow princes and let the Principality of
Tver more independence. In 1454,
with the death of Dmitry Shemyaka, the war ended, and both Boris I and Ivan
III of Ryazan swore their allegiance to Moscow. To tie this alliance, in 1454
Boris married his daughter Maria to Ivan (III) of Russia, the future Grand
Prince of Moscow. Boris promised Vasily II of Moscow (1415-1462) to always
support their children and Moscow's interests. During
his reign, the story of the Third Rome ("the second Constantinople")
was made up in Tver, when the monk Foma (Thomas) of Tver had written The Eulogy of the Pious Grand Prince Boris
Alexandrovich in 1453. Standing Warrior
Tver - Grand Principality. Boris Aleksandrovich,
1426-1461. Denga n. d. 0.55 g. Huletzky/Petrunin 2781B. Dragon
Tver - Grand Principality. Boris Aleksandrovich,
1426-1461. Denga n. d. 0.54 g.
Huletzky/Petrunin 2776A. |
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Michael Borisovich |
*1453 †1505 1461-1485 |
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During the rule of Michhael, Borisovich coins
with heraldic devices were printed coins with dragons, lions, eagles and
two-headed eagles. These are from the
Lithuanian era.
Drawing print of the Grand Duke of Tver Mikhail
Borisovich.1460s Knight with
sword trampling a dragon
Mikhail Borisovich (1461-1485) 1 Denga (1399-1485),
silver 055g
The Grand Duchy of Tver. Mikhail Borisovich (1461-1486).Denga.L.st .: “Four-legged to the
right.In a circular legend: "PRINTING PRINCE GREAT MICHAEL."Obst .:
"The inscription: " PRINTING PRINCE GREAT MICHAEL.
" Silver, 0.56 gr. Condition XF- (patina). Grishin I.V., Khramenkov
A.V. "Types of Russian coins of the Grand Duchy of Tver" (2016) -
No. 36.1. "
Grand Duchy of Tver.Mikhail Borisovich (1461-1485 gg.).Denga. L.st .:
“Four-legged to the right, with his head turned back, a circular legend, with
abbreviations:“ PRINCE OF GREAT MICHAEL ”. Obst .: "Four-line legend,
with abbreviations:" PRINTING PRINCE GREAT Michael. " Silver, 0.55 gr. XF Condition (Ink
Shine, Light Golden Patina .
Russia.
Tver Principality, Michael Borisovich (1461-1485). AR denga, *Bird* type, ca
1480. Huletski-Petrunin, #2854. g. 0.55 mm. 16.00 RRR. About VV. A special
place is occupied by Tver silver coins (money) of the 1470s, on which the
image of a two-headed eagle was placed.
Coins 82
Russia.Tver Principality, Michael Borisovich (1461-1485).AR denga,
*Double-headed Eagle* type, ca 1475. Huletski-Petrunin, #2855. g. 0.53 mm.
14.00 RRR. |
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In 1485
Ivan III of Moscow conquered Tver, and until 1490, his son Ivan the Younger
governed the duchy
Ivan III and Ivan the Younger riding From: Лицевой
летописный
свод XVI
века.Русь 1491-1510 ГГ от
вх Книга 17 |
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Simeon Bekbulatovich |
Grand duke of Tver
1576-1585 |
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SIMEON
BEKBULATOVICH (before baptism: Sain Bulat Khan, (Tatar: ساین بولاط,) monastic name (1606) Stefan; † 5 [15] January 1616, (Moscow). Kasimov
Khan in 1567-1573, son of Bek Bulat, great-grandson of Akhmat Khan, who ruled
the Great Horde. Together with his father, he joined the service of Ivan IV
Vasilievich the Terrible. He participated in the Livonian campaigns of the
1570s. In 1575, Ivan insisted on calling Simeon “the Grand Duke of All Russia” (1575-1576), although, in essence,
Simeon did not have political weight and remained only a front man. Ca 1576 –
the Grand Duke of Tver.
Grand duke Simeon Bekbulatovich In the collection of
portraits of the Nesvizh Castle of the Radziwills.(Belarus) Formerly alleged to
represent Prince Mikhail Borisovich The grand
duke wearing a fur cap and a silk yellow dress and a like cloak lined of fur.
As the spots are tripartite the skin must be of a spotted panther (Panthera pardus – Felidae) which
became (completed with a panther’s mask) the 15th century Persian insignia of
rank of a commander of the third rank and was borrowed from the Mongol system
of military badges of rank. Biography [3] The first
mention of Simeon in the sources is a reference to a certain Sail-Bulat in
the Supplement to the Nikon Chronicle under 1561 as being in the entourage of
his aunt, Princess Kochenei, when she married Ivan IV. Our earliest evidence
that he was khan of Qasim comes from a statement that the Russian ambassador
to Constantinople, Ivan Novosil'tsev, said to the Ottoman Sultan Selim II to
that effect in 1570. In 1575 (either September or October),
Ivan IV appointed Simeon as Grand Prince of All Rus' and styled himself
merely as "Ivan of Moscow". Historians have a number of opinions
concerning why Ivan did this. According to the most popular theory by Giles Fletcher, the Elder, Ivan aimed to confiscate the land that belonged to monasteries
without attracting the ire of the Church. Simeon issued the decrees of confiscation
instead of Ivan, while Ivan pretended to disagree. During his one-year
"rule" in the Moscow Kremlin, Simeon married Anastasia
Mstislavskaya, the great great-granddaughter of Ivan III. In 1576,
Simeon stepped down as Grand Prince of All Rus' and was appointed Grand
Prince of Tver' and Torzhok. In 1585, Tsar Fedor Ivanovich (1584-1598) removed his title as Grand
Prince of Tver' and Torzhok and confined him to his estate at Kushalov. In
1595, Simeon went blind. According to Jacques Margeret, Simeon blamed Spanish
wine that Boris
Godunov sent him
for his birthday. When Boris was elected Tsar in 1598, he required those at
the court to sign a loyalty oath, which prohibited them from recognizing
Simeon as tsar or corresponding with him. False Dmitry I required Simeon to be tonsured at
the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, where he took the monastic name Stefan on
April 3, 1606. When Vasilii Shuiskii was elected tsar, he ordered the elder
Stefan taken to the Solovki Monastery on May 29, 1606. In 1612,
as the result of a decree issued by Prince D. M. Pozharskii and "on the
advice of all the land" (zemskii sobor), Stefan was returned to the
Kirilo-Belozersk Monastery. Under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, he returned to
Moscow and resided in the Simonov
Monastery until
he died in 1616. He was buried in the Simonov Monastery next to his wife, who
had died 7 June 1607, after having been veiled as the nun Alexandra. |
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The Great Seal of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilievich with the
image of land emblems. 1577-1578 (reverse.) The seal
of Tver is represented by a drawing of a crown on a table on the fourth
emblem on the dexter. The caption ПЕЧАТО ВЕЛИКАГО КНЯЖСТВА ТВЕРСКАГО however has landed around the fourth
emblem on the sinister with the
bear of Perm.
Emblem
of Tver, 1577 We may suppose that the
stool is meant to be a credence table to expose the royal lcrown of the
regalia It is not known who was
responsible for the Russian royal regalia Usually,
the appearance of the crown on the coat of arms is explained as a symbol of
the former political status of the Tver Principality, and also as a tribute
to the fact that it was the Prince of Tver who first had been called Grand
duke of All Russia (1575-1576). (See the biography of Simeon Bekbulatovich Ç)
In 1604, a
throne in oriental style was presented to the then reigning Boris Godunov
(1598-1605) by the Shah of Persia Abbas I. (!587-1629) Such a throne
appears on the arms of Tver.
On the throne of Tsar Michael Romanov (1613-1645) Embroidered
with silver and gold, the throne of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich already contained
the image of the throne under the crown for Tver land. The same is repeated
in the first Russian collection
of coat of arms
"Titularnike". The image from the “Titularnike” became the coat of
arms of the Tver Grand Duchy, the background of the shield could be
different, for example, on blue letter from Catherine I it is blue. In the
end he turned red. |
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Tver emblem from the "Titularnike". 1672 Arms: In a grassy field a chair without a back, on it two tasseled pillows, on top a crown with a cross. Caption:: Тверь съцкий
Crowned arms of Tver, 1675 On a golden
plate of Tsar Alexis Caption:
ПЕЧАТЬ ТВЕРЪСКАИА |
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Coats of arms of Tver and Tver land (18th –
21st centuries) |
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Coat of arms of Tver. 1704
Arms of Tweria From:Acta Eruditaria, 1708
p.202 In 1709,
Tsar (later Emperor) Peter the Great ordered to name the regiments of the
young regular army in cities and lands.
Coat of arms of Tver 1711 From a heraldic map of Peter
the Great, 1711 |
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In 1724 a
Heraldry Office was founded in Russia and the post of Russian Herald was created.
Its first official was Count Franz
Matveevich (Martynovich) Santi. (1683-1758) He was
educated in Paris, where he studied history and science, "close to
genealogy." He served in the courts of many European sovereigns, in
particular, with the Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg as Chief Marshal and Privy
Councilor. After several years of service, he was invited by Peter I in 1724
to Russia “for the administration of heraldic art” and at the same time was
appointed comrade of the herald master and ceremonial master Santi
composed coats of arms for many Russian cities (including St. Petersburg and
Tver) and gave external attributes to old coats of arms. Santi took drawings
of the Titular of 1672 as the basis of the emblems , giving them a strict
heraldic form: he changed the placement of figures in the shield, according
to the heraldic rules that existed in Western Europe, he applied certain
colors and metals, bringing them in strict accordance. To help translators
and all those who will be associated with herbalism, he developed the “Blazon
lexicon” - a heraldic dictionary. Some of his works fell into the Banner
of Hearts. In
February 1725 he was appointed chief master of ceremonies. In 1727,
for participating in the plot of Count P.A. Tolstoy, who had the aim of
delivering the throne, after the death of Catherine I , the Duchess of
Holstein Anna Petrovna, he was exiled to Siberia, where he was first held in
the Yakutsk prison, handcuffed and then in the Verkholensk prison and the
Ust-Vilyui winter hut. Elizaveta Petrovna regained freedom to Santi. He
regained the rank of chief master of ceremonies, and was granted the rank of
Actual Privy Councilor (1756). [4] |
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Coat of arms for the banners of the Tver regiments from the
Herbovnik 1730 Arms: Gules,
a stool Argent with a crown Or on a pillow Vert tasseled Or. Perhaps the
“source of inspiration” for Franz Matveevich Santi of the Tver coat of arms was the emblem from
the book “Symbols and Emblems”, popular in the 18th century, under the motto
“Lovely Thing”. The emblem depicted a crown on a pillow.
Drawing from the book "Symbols and
Emblems", Amsterdam, 1705, |
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However, Tver
was not only a city, but also a large administrative center. The lands
adjacent to Tver formed the Tver Uyezd, the Tver Province, from 1778 - the
Tver governorship, and from 1796 - the Tver province.
Coat of arms of Tver (city) and Tver province. 1772 |
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Coat of arms of Tver and Tver governorship. 1780 The coat of arms of Tver was approved on 10
October 1780 (PSZ RI No. 15073): It is: Arms:
Gules, on a stool, a crown Or on a pillow Vert tasseled Or.
Arms of Tver In The Manifesto on the Complete Arms of the All-Russian Empire.
1800. [5] |
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The Viceroy of Tver and his arms 1794 [6] His
official dress of a red vest and trousers and a blue jacket. White stockins
and black shoes with silver clasps. His coat of
arms: Gules, a crown Or on a tasseled pillow Vert on a table Or. At the
end of the 18th century, the emblem of Tver (approved on 10.10.1780) was used
as a viceroyal coat of arms - "In a scarlet field, a golden throne, on a
green pillow a golden crown." For
example, in the publication “Image of Provincial, Viceroyalty, College and
All Civilian Uniforms” (1794), such a description of the coat of arms of Tver
governorship is given: “a golden crown in a red field on a green pillow”.
The cowned arms of Tver on a map of the Governorate, 1800 The cloak of the Virgin of
Tver strewn with russian eagles The situation
changed only in 1856. By this time, the administrative division of Russia in
the province, which had existed since the 1770s, had become so habitual that
it seemed indestructible forever. Therefore, the government came to the
conclusion that the provinces should have their own special emblems. At the
same time, they treated the tradition with care: the new provincial emblems
were compiled on the basis of the emblems of the capital cities of the
provinces. The composition of the city coat of arms was taken as a basis, but
some changes were made to it - not the most decisive at first glance, but
telling the provincial coat of arms of obvious heraldic differences from the
city. The city emblems, after the creation of the provincial ones, did not go
out of use at all - they still performed all their functions, but now
exclusively as the emblem of the city. The coat
of arms of Tver province was approved on 8 December 1856.
Coat of arms of the Tver province. 1856 Basically,
the provincial coat of arms retained all the main motives of the coat of arms
of the city of Tver: the same colors (red field, gold figures), the same
basic figures: the throne on an eminence, on the throne - the crown. However,
the shape of the throne changed -it got a high back, and, more importantly,
the crown changed: instead of the royal crown of the coat of arms of the city
of Tver, the Monomakh’s Cap was placed on the stool Also the shield was
crowned with the Russian Imperial crown and surrounded by two golden branches
of oak tintertwined with the ribbon of the Order of St. Andrew (Russia, 1698). Kalinin Region 1935-1990 In
January 1929, the Central Industrial Region was created (from 3 June 1929 -
the Moscow Region), which included the Tver District. In 1931, Tver was
renamed the city of Kalinin. Kalinin region was formed on 29 January 1935.There
was no coat of arms and flag of the region in the Soviet period. In 1990 the
ancient name of Tver was restored for the city and the region Tver Region 1990-present
The coat of arms is entered in the State Heraldry
Register under No. 159. of 28 May 2007 |
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Tver City |
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On 25 May
1999, by the Decision of the City Duma No. 66,
the historical emblem of Tver was restored. The coat
of arms of Tver corresponds to the historical coat of arms of Tver, approved
on 10 October 1780 by Empress Catherine II and included in the Complete
Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. By the decision of the Tver City Duma of
February 22, 2000 No. 32, the
description of the coat of arms was slightly corrected: “In a
scarlet field on a golden chair (without back), covered with a green a pillow with golden tassels and a cord
around the edge, - a golden crown decorated with green gems with five visible
leaf-shaped points – three of which large, interspersed with two smaller ones” The
authors of the reconstruction of the coat of arms: Lavrenov Vladimir Ilyich,
Davydov Valery Alekseevich, Ushakov Alexey Veniaminovich, Fedorov Konstantin
Efimovich. The coat of arms is entered in the State Heraldry Register
No. 700. Information
provided by I. Emelin (Petrozavodsk) |
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10 ruble coin, 2014 On 4 November
2010, President Medvedev signed decrees conferring the title of “City of
Military Glory” (ГОРОД
ВОИСКОЙ СЛАВЫ) to Vladivostok, Tikhvin and Tver for the courage, stamina and
mass heroism shown by the city’s defenders in the struggle for freedom and
independence of the Fatherland. On commemorative coins from the series
“the city of military glory” (2014), the coat of arms of Tver is depicted
with a crown, behind which two swords in saltire. |
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Emblems of the department of internal affairs (UMVD)
in the Tver region |
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Coat of arms Arms: The arms of Tver oblast Crest: The achievement
of the MVD Motto: On a blue ribbon «СЛУЖИМ
РОССИИ,
СЛУЖИМ
ЗАКОНУ». (Service of Russia, service
of the law) in golden lettering |
Breastplate: Arms: The arms of Tver oblast Crest: The achievement
of the MVD Motto: On a blue ribbon «СЛУЖИМ
РОССИИ,
СЛУЖИМ
ЗАКОНУ». (Service of Russia, service
of the law) in golden lettering Sign size 46´30 mm Until 2012, the motto of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs was
“СЛУЖА ЗАКОНУ - СЛУЖИМ НАРОДУ” written on the ribbon
of the large emblem and on the ribbon on the badge. |
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© Hubert de Vries
Heraldry of the World