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SENMURW

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The senmurw or peacock dragon seems to be mainly associated with the Sassanids. It consists of a hybrid of the upper body of a winged hyena-like creature and a broad tongue-shaped tail with a decoration that is somewhat reminiscent of a peacock tail.  Therefore it is a symbol combinong the armed authority (a dragon) and the admiistrative authoriy (the peacock) and fits prime ministers and heads of state combining these authroities.

There are no images of senmurws older than the 6th century AD. found. The most recent image dates from the 12th century. The senmurw could therefore have been in use from the Sassanids to the conquest of Persia by the Mongols.

It is not clear what the precise meaning of the senmurw is. It is possible that he can be regarded as a royal symbol because he is depicted on the garment of Khosrau II (591-628). )

Another suggestion is that the senmurw is the symbol of the Eran Spahbad or (Sassanian) grand vizier:

 

The entire military apparatus was initially headed by the Eran Spah bath, a general who also had the function of minister of war and peace negotiator (grand vizier). This centralized system continued until the government of Khosrow I (531-579), which had to go through far-reaching reforms to solve both internal problems and to defend the state borders threatened by Byzantines and Heftalites.

Khosrow I Anushirwan, who implemented not only military but also important economic reforms, divided the empire into four military zones, each with one general at the head. He also emphasized the defense of border areas by [...] deporting population groups with military obligations. (Bruno Overlaet in: Hofkunst van de Sassanieden p. 89).

It is therefore possible that the senmurw is an invention of Khusraw I. For the other grades in army and administration other animal symbols must be used, possibly similar to those in Byzantium (eagle, griffin, lion) or from central Asia or China (guinea fowl , heron).

The senmurw survived the Sassanid Empire for several centuries among the Arabs and a final example dates from the 11th or 12th century (conquest of Baghdad by the Seljuk leader Toghril Beg, 1055).

 

Senmurws

 

6e  eeuw Karaf met senmurw. N° 96, p. 248.

 

591-628 Kledij van Khosrau II op het jachtrelief te Taq-i-Bustan. (p.115)

 

591-628 Textiel met senmurw-medaillons. Kledij van de ruiter in de grote iwan van Khosrau II te Taq-i-Bustan. (p.115)

 

6e -7e  eeuw Glazen medaillon met senmurw. N° 119 p. 270.

 

 

 

Fresco uit Afrasiab (Uzbekistan). Koning Varkhumān van Samarkand (ca. 650 – ca 655) in Perzische of Sogdische kledij. Hij draagt een lange rood-witte kaftan bezaaid met senmurws. Varkhumān was onderkoning of militair gouverneur in Samarkand en Sogdië en een vazal van de Chinese keizer Kao Tsung (649-683).  Zijn metgezellen, die achter hem zijn afgebeeld, dragen een tuniek met ganzen en medaillons met zwijnskoppen.

 

Lit.:

Pugatčenkova, Galina: Šedevri Srednei Azii. Taškent, 1986. Marshak, Boris: The Iconographic Programme of the Murals from the Ambassadors Hall at Afrasiab. In: Arts Asiatiques, annales du Musée Guimet et du Musée Cernuschi. Vol 49, 1994; pp. 5-20.

 

Senmurws op het gewaad van Koning Varkhumān (ca. 650 – ca 655) op het fresco op de zuidwand in de Ambassadeurszaal in Afrasiab (Samarkand). (Reconstructie). [1])

7e -8e  eeuw  Wandplaatfragment met senmurw.  N° 11, p. 153.

 

7e -8e  eeuw. Ronde plaat met senmurw.

Zilver met vergulding, Ć 19,3 cm

Afkomstig uit Noord-Indië

The British Museum, London. Inv.  BM. 124095.[2])

8e -9e  eeuw. Kaftan met gele senmurwmedaillons op een groene ondergrond.

Zijde en eekhoornbont. L.: 140 cm; breedte onderaan: 200 cm.

Herkomst: Mochtčevaia Balka (Noord-Kaukasus).

Museum de Hermitage, St. Petersburg. Inv. Kz. 6584.

 

Lit.: Hofkunst van de Sassanieden. N° 127/28. pp. 275-277.

 

Gefigureerd samiet met senmurw medaillons (Musée des Arts Decoratifs, Paris).

 

9e -10e  eeuw  Blauwe stof met senmurw-medaillons. Brussel. Kon. Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis, Inv. Tx. 609. (Glory, p. 224)

 

11e eeuw Armeense Gregorius-kerk te Ani (11e  eeuw): muurschildering van een weefsel met Senmurw-medaillons. (p. 136) Het fresco zou kunnen dateren uit de regeringsperiode van Gagik II van Ani (1041-1045). Gagik was daarna enige tijd stadhouder  in Kappadocië voor de Byzantijnen, mogelijk tot de invallen van de Seldsjoeken in 1049. Gagik II was een tijdgenoot van Gagik Abbas  van Kars die een gewaad droeg versierd met eenhoorns.

 

 

 

11th  or 12th  C.  271 Textile with Roundels of Elephants, Senmurws, and Winged Horses.

Eastern Mediterranean, 11th or 12th century.

Silk; weft-faced compound twill (samite) 51 Î 32 cm.

 

provenance: Monastery of Santa Maria de l’Estay, Catalonia, Spain.

Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution, New York, N.Y. Given by John Pierpont Morgan, from the Miguel y Badia Collection (1902-1-22)

 

 

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[1])  Al’baum, L.I.: Živopis’ Afrasiaba. Taškent, 1975. (Aльбayм, Л.И.: Живопись Афрасиаба. Ташкент, 1975). Taбл. LVI.

[2] ) Hofkunst van de Sasssanieden, n° 7, p. 220-221.

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