KAZAKHSTAN
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The
earliest well-documented state in the region was the Turkic Kaganate,
or Köktürk state, established by the Ashina clan, which came into existence in
the 6th century AD. The
Qarluqs, a confederation
of Turkic tribes, established a state in what is now eastern Kazakhstan in
766. In
the 8th and 9th centuries, parts of southern Kazakhstan were conquered by
Arabs, who also introduced Islam. The
Oghuz Turks
controlled western Kazakhstan from the 9th through the 11th centuries; the Kimak and Kipchak peoples,
also of Turkic origin, controlled the east at roughly the same time. The
large central desert of Kazakhstan is still called Dashti-Kipchak, or the Kipchak Steppe after
them. The capital (Astana) was home of a lot of Huns and Saka. In
the late 9h century, the Qarluq
state was destroyed by invaders who established the large Qarakhanid state,
which occupied a region known as Transoxiana, the area north and east of the
Oxus River
(the present-day Amu Darya), extending into what is now China. The
Qarakhanids, who accepted Islam and the authority of the Arab Abbasid caliphs
of Baghdad during their dominant period, were conquered in the 1130s by the Karakitai, a
Mongol confederation from eastern Mongolia. In the mid-12th century, an
independent state of
Khorazm along the Oxus River broke away from the weakening
Karakitai, but the bulk of the Karakitai state lasted until the Mongol
invasion of Genghis Khan in 1219–1221. After the Mongol capture of the
Karakitai state, Kazakhstan fell under the control of a succession of rulers
of the Mongolian Golden
Horde, the western branch of the Mongol Empire. In the 17th and 18th century
Cossacks and Russians managed to get a foothold in present day Kazakhstan. In
the 19th century further colonization by Russians was slowed down by numerous
uprisings and wars. To meet these unrest the Gorchakov Circular was
formulated by which the annexation of troublesome areas on the empire’s
border became possible. As a result the rest of Central Asia was annexated
and a General Government of the Kirghiz Steppe was established in 1899 with
Omsk as its capital. The General Government of the Kirgiz Steppe
consisted of the Akmolinsk, Turgai, Semipalatinsk and Uralsk Teritories. In
1917 a group of secular nationalists called the Alash Orda (Horde of Alash), named after a
legendary founder of the Kazakh people, attempted to set up an independent
national government - the Alash
Autonomy. This state lasted just over two years (13.12.1917 to
26.08.1920) before surrendering to the Bolshevik authorities, who then sought
to preserve Russian control under a new political system. On
26 August 1920, the Kirghiz
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, (not to be confused with Soviet Kirghizia,
a Central Asian
territory which is now the independent state of Kyrgyzstan) was established on the former
Alash Orda territory as a part of the Russian SFSR. On
15 - 19 April, 1925 it was renamed Kazakh ASSR and on 5 December 1936 it was
elevated to the status of a Union-level republic, the Kazakh SSR. Kazakhstan
proclaimed its sovereignty on 26 October 1991 and its independence from the
Soviet Union on 16 December of the same year. Since then it is called the Republic of Kazakhstan (Қазақстан Республикасы; Qazaqstan
Respublïkası; Республика Казахстан; Respublika
Kazakhstan) |
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1899-1917 |
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ï Arms of Omsk, Capital of the General Government of the Kirgiz-Steppe (today situated in Russia) The arms show: Per fess
Azure and Argent, in chief a pyramid and trophies Or, in base a masoned wall with two-faced bastions. Granted
17.03.1785 Western
heraldry was introduced in the Kirghiz steppe by Russia. The coats of arms of
the Territories of the Government General of the Kirghiz Steppe are [1]: |
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Akmolinsk Oblast |
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Arms: Vert, a monument with two towers and a cupola Argent, in chief a
crescent Or. Crown: A Russian Royal Crown Garland: Branches of oak tied with a ribbon Gules. Granted
5 July 1878 |
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Semipalatinsk Oblast |
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Arms: Azure, a camel Or, its rein and eyes Gules, in chief a crescent-and-star
Argent. Crown: A Russian Royal Crown Garland: Branches of oak tied with a ribbon Gules. Granted 5 July 1878 |
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Turgai Oblast |
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Arms: Gules, two spearts in saltire between two horse’s heads Or. Crown: A Russian Royal Crown Garland: Branches of oak tied with a ribbon Gules. Granted 5 July 1878 |
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Uralsk Oblast |
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Arms: Vert, three mountains Argent issuing therefrom a crowned standard
between two other standards of tugh’s and crescents, Or, and a base wavy
Azure, a sturgeon Argent Crown: A Russian Royal Crown Garland: Branches of oak tied with a ribbon Gules. Granted 5 July 1878 |
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13.12.1917 - 26.08.1920 |
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No arms
or emblems used by the Alash Orda are known. Its flag was, according to some
notes preserved, red with a yellow crescent and star. |
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26.08.1920 - 19.04.1925 19.04.1925 - 05.12-1936 |
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No
information, but the Autonomous Republics probably used the arms of the RSFSR
to which the name of the Republic was added. |
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05-12-1936 - 26.10.1991 |
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Arms: Gules, a hammer and sickle in
saltire, in base a rising sun Or. Crest: A five-pointed star Gules Garland: Ears of wheat Or tied with a
ribbon Gules on which is the Motto:
Workers of all
Nations Unite! in Kazakh and Russian, and the Name: QSSR / KCCP Adopted by Constitution of the K.S.S.R. of
26.03.1937 Art. 122.[2]
By Art.
121 of the 1940 Constitution the emblem was changed. The star of the crest
became golden-edged and the motto and name in Kazakh were spelled in cyrillic
script: БAPДЛЫK EЛДEPДIH ПPOЛETАPЛAPЫ БIPIГIHДEP! / ҚCCP.[3] The
section reads: Государственный
герб Kaзaxской
Советской
Социалистической
Республики
состоит из
изображения
зoлoтыx серпа и
молота,
помещенныx
кpecт-нaкpecт,
pyкoяткaми книзy,
на кpacнoм фоне в
лучax солнца и
в oбpaмлeнии колосьев,
c надписью на
кaзaxском и
русском иязыкax: «ПРОЛЕТАРИИ
ВСЕХ СТРАН
СОЕДИНЯЙТЕСЬ!» Haвepxy гepбa имеетcя
пятиконечная
звездa, a в
нижней eгo чacти
- буквы «ҚCCP» и «KCCP». |
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26.10.1991 - present |
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The
provisions for the national flag, national emblem and national anthem of the
Republic read as follows: |
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ð See illustration in the head of this
essay |
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Presidential Flag |
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After
Roberto Breschi The flag of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is
a light blue rectangular field with the proportions 2:3. The middle of the
field is charged with a golden circle in which is inscribed the image of a
young tribal leader of the Saks era (1st century B.C.). His right hand is
raised; he is sitting on a winged snow leopard. The hand of the man wears a
bracelet, the neck has a necklace, and the head is wearing a pointed hat. The
image of the man and of the leopard is in gold. Under the leopard are some
mountains with snow. On the
bottom of the flag the words “Flag of the President of the Republic of
Kazakhstan” are written in Kazakh in golden letters. |
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The flag
has a gold fringe on three of its sides. The hoist has a bronze peak of the kochkar
mouilliz type to which is attached a decorative tassel. The hoist is
decorated with silver nails bearing the engraved names, surnames and
patronymic names of the Presidents of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the
official language and the dates of taking office and resigning. This flag
is flown in the President's office in Astana and his residence in Akorda, and
all other presidential residences and means of transport. It is used at all
ceremonies with the Head of State. It was
adopted by decree no. 2736 of the 29 December, 1995. |
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Kazakhstan Police, cap
badge |
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© Hubert de Vries 2011-05-19
Heraldry of the World