S.S.S.R.
СОЮЗ
СОВЕТСКИХ
СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКИХ
РЕСПУБЛИК
Golden Horde. |
S.S.S.R |
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Union of Socialist Ssoviet Republics
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1922-1992 |
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At the
1st Congress of the Soviets (= Councils) on December 30, 1922, it was decided
to establish a Union of Socialist Council Republics. The R.S.F.S.R., Ukraine,
Belarus and Transcaucasia became members. The first constitution of the Union
was adopted on March 31, 1924. The Union was the proper successor to the
Russian Empire because it covered almost all of it. In 1924 a
number of designs for a new coat of arms were submitted. Its central theme
was a hammer and a sickle and the motto of the Union derived from the saying
on the cover of the Communist Manifesto of 1848: “Proletarians of All
Countries Unite”. The first six designs were by K.I. Dunin-Borkovski ', N.N.
Kaçura, IA. B. Dreier, D.S. Goliatkin, V.P. Korzun and A.G. Iakimçenko. The
design of I.I. Dubasov was inspired by the design of V.P. Korzun and
consisted of a globe with the eastern hemisphere topped with a hammer and a
sickle, before a radiant sun rising. Above it, a gold-edged red star replaced
the Union's initials C.C.C.P., which featured in Korzun's design. The
performance is surrounded by a wreath of ears of wheat over which there is a
link in writing with the motto “Proletarians of all countries, unite!” in six
languages instead
of only in Russian. A version in which the ribbon with the motto is wound
around the ears of corn was finally approved. The Union
coat of arms consisted of the globe with the Eastern Hemisphere in the
natural colors overlaid with a golden crossed hammer and sickle. The globe is
lit from below by a radiant sun. Around the globe and sun, a wreath of eight
ears of wheat is wrapped with a red ribbon on which the motto in the
languages of the countries of the Union is written in gold.
Above the globe is also a red five-pointed star. In the Constitution of
December 15, 1936, the number of languages on the ribbon was
increased to 11, according to the number of countries participating at the
time. In the
new constitution of November 14, 1945, the number of turns of the ribbon was
adapted to the increased number of states. At the bottom of the Russian
motto, 8 turns were added to the right and 7 turns on the left instead of the
original 2 x 3. On the right, the motto was written in Estonian, Lithuanian,
Karelo-Finnish, Uzbek, Armenian, Azerbaijani and Ukraine. Links in Latvian,
Moldovan, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Turkmen, Georgian and Belarusian. After the
transformation of the Karelian Council Republic into an Autonomous Republic,
the number of turns on the right side was reduced by the turn for Karelia in
1956. At the same time, the red star was provided with a gold border. ) The last
session of the Supreme Soviet took place on December 26, 1991. The council
disbanded itself. A successor to the U.S.S.R. was the Commonwealth of Slavic
States consisting of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. This G.S.S. was previously
established on December 8, 1991 and replaced in Alma Ata by the Commonwealth
of Independent States (G.O.S.) on December 22. Subsequently, on December 25,
the red flag was lowered on the Kremlin and replaced by the Russian flag of
three stripes of white, blue and red. Russian:
Пролетарии
всех стран,
соединяйтесь!
(Proletarii vseh stran, sojedinjaites!) Ukrainian:
Пролетарі
всіх країн,
єднайтеся! (Proletari
vsih’ krajin, jednaitesja!) White Russian
Пралетарыі
ўсіх краін,
яднайцеся! (Praletaryi
usih’ krain, jadnaitsesja!) Uzbek: Бутун дунё
пролетарлари,
бирлашингиз!
(Butun dunyo proletarlari, birlashingiz!) Kazakh: Барлық
елдердің
пролетарлары,
бірігіңдер! (Barlıq
elderdiñ proletarları, birigiñder!) Georgian: პროლეტარებო ყველა ქვეყნისა, შეერთდით! (Proletarebo qvela kveqnisa,
šeertdit!) Azeri: Бүтүн өлкәләрин
пролетарлары,
бирләшин! (Bütün ölkələrin
proletarları, birləşin!) Lithuanian: Visų šalių proletarai,
vienykitės! Moldovian Пролетарь
дин тоате
цэриле,
униць-вэ! (Proletari din toate
ţările, uniţi-vă!) Lettonian: Visu zemju proletārieši, savienojieties! Kirgiz: Бардык өлкөлордүн
пролетарлары,
бириккиле! (Bardıq
ölkölördün proletarları, birikkile!) Tadzhik:Пролетарҳои
ҳамаи
мамлакатҳо,
як шавед! (Proletarhoi hamai
mamlakatho, jak şaved!) Armenian:
Պրոլետարներ բոլոր երկրների, միացե'ք! (Proletarner bolor erkrneri,
miace'q!) Turkmenian:
Әхли
юртларың
пролетарлары,
бирлешиң! (Ähli
ýurtlaryň proletarlary, birleşiň!) Estonian: Kõigi maade proletaarlased, ühinege! http://www.heraldicum.ru/russia/index.htm |
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The Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was established in 1922. Then the Union
included 4 republics: the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR and
the Transcaucasian SFSR. On January 31, 1924, the first Constitution of the
USSR was adopted. Then the composition of the Union was replenished with the
Uzbek SSR, the Turkmen SSR (1925), the Tajik SSR (1929), the Kazakh SSR, the
Kirghiz SSR, the Armenian SSR, the Georgian SSR, the Azerbaijan SSR (1936),
the Moldavian SSR, the Estonian SSR, the Latvian SSR, the Lithuanian SSR
(1940 ). In the
fall of 1922, the Commission for the Development of Soviet Symbols began work
at Goznak. In those days, the compositions of the first Soviet stamps and
banknotes were created. On
January 10, 1923, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the
USSR created a commission for the development of the state emblem and flag,
at the same time the Central Executive Committee determined the main elements
of the state symbols of the union: the sun, hammer and sickle, the motto
"Workers of all countries, unite!" In February 1923, the order for
the creation of the coat of arms was transferred to Goznak, the artists of
Goznak presented their versions, the sketches of the projects of the coat of
arms of the artists D.S. Golyadkin, Ya.B. Dreyer, N.N. Kochura, V.D.
Kupriyanov, P. Rumyantsev, A. G. Yakimchenko, I. Shadra. An interesting
project was presented by the artist K.I.Dunin-Borkovsky - as an adherent of
classical heraldry, he represented the coat of arms of the USSR as a heraldic
shield with a hammer and sickle. Many
artists were involved in the development of the coat of arms of the USSR.
Many designs of the coat of arms are known. One of the early projects (1923)
can now be seen on the building of the Central Telegraph in Moscow: the globe
is surrounded by ears of corn, a red star at the top, a sickle and a hammer
on the sides. The coat
of arms was drawn by V. Lomantsov (1992) |
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The Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was established in 1922. Then the Union
included 4 republics: the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR and
the Transcaucasian SFSR. On 31 January 1924, the first Constitution of the
USSR was adopted. Then the composition of the Union was replenished with the
Uzbek SSR, the Turkmen SSR (1925), the Tajik SSR (1929), the Kazakh SSR, the
Kirghiz SSR, the Armenian SSR, the Georgian SSR, the Azerbaijan SSR (1936),
the Moldavian SSR, the Estonian SSR, the Latvian SSR, the Lithuanian SSR
(1940 ). In the
fall of 1922, the Commission for the Development of Soviet Symbols began work
at Goznak. In those days, the compositions of the first Soviet stamps and
banknotes were created. 10 January 1923 years, the Presidium of the USSR
Central Executive Committee created a commission to develop the state emblem
and flag, at the same time the Central Executive Committee determined the
main elements of the state symbols of the union: the sun, hammer and sickle,
the motto "Workers of all countries, unite!" In February 1923, the
order for the creation of the coat of arms was transferred to Goznak, the
artists of Goznak presented their versions, the sketches of the projects of
the coat of arms of the artists D.S. Golyadkin, Ya.B. Dreyer, N.N. Kochura,
V.D. Kupriyanov, P. Rumyantsev, A. G. Yakimchenko, I. Shadra. An interesting
project was presented by the artist K.I.Dunin-Borkovsky - he, as an adherent
of classical heraldry, represented the coat of arms of the USSR as a heraldic
shield with a hammer and sickle. |
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D.S. Golyadkin's project |
J.B. Dreyer's project |
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The projects of the artists Kochura, Yakimenko, and
Kupriyanov. |
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V.P.
Korzun's projects. The last project is already very close to the coat of arms
of the USSR approved later. The head of the art and reproduction department
was Goznak V.N. Adrianov (1875-1938). It was he, as a cartographer, who
proposed to add an image of the globe to the coat of arms. The latter was
supposed to mean that access to the Union is open to all states of the world.
In general, the entire composition of the coat of arms was compiled by
Adrianov, in the work on the drawing he took The work on the sketch of the
coat of arms was supervised by state authorities, for example, Secretary of
the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee M.S. Yenukidze on June 28,
1923 suggested placing a red star at the top of the coat of arms (instead of
the previously planned monogram "USSR"). His remark "A star
instead of a monogram" is preserved in the archival drawing of V.P.
Korzun. At the
final stage, the artist I. I.Dubasov was invited to work on the coat of arms,
and he completed the final drawing. In his first draft, the slogans were
placed on a red ribbon covering the lower part of the coat of arms. Then it
was decided to place the slogans in 6 languages on the tape
hooks. Ivan Ivanovich Dubasov Dubasov graduated from the Imperial Stroganov Art and Industrial
School. From the beginning of the 1920s he worked in the Department of
Production of State Marks (Goznak). The last few decades before his
retirement - the main artist of Goznak. Dubasov drew banknotes of the RSFSR,
the USSR, and also, after the war, of the socialist countries: Poland,
Mongolia, Czechoslovakia, Albania. In addition to banknotes, the Dubasovs
created sketches of many postage stamps of the RSFSR and the USSR, a sketch
of the Gold Star medal, the Maternal Glory Order, the Labor Distinction,
Labor Valor medals, and the Marshal's Star. I. Dubasov was awarded the Order
of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the Order of the Badge of
Honor, and had the title of Honored Art Worker of the RSFSR. |
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On 6 July
1923, the II session of the USSR Central Executive Committee adopted a
drawing of the coat of arms (simultaneously with the adoption of the draft
Constitution). On September 22, 1923, the drawing of the coat of arms was
finally approved by the Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Central
Executive Committee A.S. Enukidze. The Constitution of the USSR, adopted by
the Second Congress of Soviets on January 31, 1924, officially legalized the
new coat of arms. The USSR Constitution
of 1924 contained a description of state symbols in the 11th chapter: "70.
The state emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consists of a
hammer and sickle on the globe, depicted in the rays of the sun and framed by
ears of corn, with an inscription in six languages [mentioned
in Art. 34]" Workers of all countries, unite! " five-pointed star
". Six
languages in which the motto was written: Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian,
Georgian, Armenian, Turkish-Tatar (Arabic graphics). |
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Coat of arms of the USSR. A gift to M.I. from workers of
a mechanical plant in Mytishchi. (The State Central Museum of
Contemporary History of Russia, Moscow) 1923 |
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After the
formation of the Tajik SSR, by resolution of the 6th Congress of Soviets of
the USSR of 17 March 1931 "On the
report on constitutional issues", an amendment was made to the text of
the Constitution of the USSR, stating: In Art.
70 of the Constitution of the USSR: the words: "with an inscription in
six languages" shall be replaced with the words: "with an
inscription in the languages commonly used in the union republics" and
set out Art. 70 as follows: 1931 70. The
state emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consists of a hammer
and sickle on the globe, depicted in the rays of the sun and framed by ears,
with an inscription in the languages commonly used in the Union
republics: "Workers of all countries, unite." There is a
five-pointed star at the top of the coat of arms. " The same
decree changed the list of languages commonly used in the union
republics, set forth in Article 34 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the
USSR, which began to include "Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian,
Armenian, Azeri, Uzbek, Turkmen and Tajik (Persian)". Azerbaijani, Uzbek
and Turkmen languages were represented by a single ribbon with
an inscription in the Turkic (Turkic-Tatar) language in Arabic script. The
Russian version of the motto has moved to the central interception of the
tape. Similar coats of arms were printed on USSR treasury notes of 1934. The
inscriptions were made in languages: Russian Ukrainian; Belarusian; Georgian
(national alphabet); Armenian
(national alphabet); Turkic-Tatar
(Arabic graphics); Tajik: CUMHURIJATI
IRTIMOIJI SURAVIJI MUXTORI TOCIKISTAN A 7th ribbon
was added with an inscription in the Tajik language, the writing of which by
that time on the territory of the USSR was translated into a Latin script. |
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1936 In the
Constitution of the USSR, approved by the decree of the VIII Extraordinary Congress
of Soviets of the USSR dated December 5, 1936, the coat of arms is described
in Chapter XII "COAT OF ARMS, FLAG, CAPITAL" Article 143 reads: "The
state emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consists of a hammer
and sickle on the globe, depicted in the rays of the sun and framed by ears
of corn, with an inscription in the languages of the Union
republics:" Workers of all countries, unite! ". There is a
five-pointed star at the top of the emblem." According to the Constitution of 1936, the USSR consisted of 11 republics (three republics of the Transcaucasus separated from the ZSFSR). There were also 11 (6&5) ribbons on the coat of arms. |
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1946 On 3
September 1940, the Secretariat of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the
USSR decided to amend the state emblem of the USSR in connection with the
change in the number of union republics and the clarification of the spelling
of the motto in the national languages. Work was underway to prepare a new
Constitution, and on 3 March 1941, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
adopted a preliminary draft of the coat of arms, but the war prevented the
completion of the work. Only on 26 June 1946, by a decree of the Presidium of
the USSR Armed Forces, a new version of the coat of arms was introduced, the
motto on which was reproduced in 16 languages of the union
republics, mottos in Moldavian, Latvian, Estonian and Finnish were added to
the existing inscriptions. Moreover, the inscriptions in the languages of
the Central Asian republics and Azerbaijan were already executed in Cyrillic. Materials of the Collection of laws of the USSR. 1938-1967, M., ed. Izvestia, 1968; Photo courtesy of I. Emelin (Petrazavodsk) |
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1956 On 16
July 1956, the Karelo-Finnish SSR was transformed into an autonomous republic
within the RSFSR, as a result of which, by the Decree of the PVS of the USSR
of 12 1956, the sixteenth ribbon with the motto (in Finnish) was removed from
the coat of arms. On 1 April 1958, by
the Decree of the PVS of the USSR, the text of the state motto in the
Belarusian language was clarified, it began to sound like: "PRALETARYI ЎСIХ KRAIN, YADNAYTSESYA!", The change was
made to the coat of arms of the USSR (a little earlier, on February 21, 1958,
this clarification was Byelorussian SSR was made on the coat of arms of the
BSSR). The
arrangement of ribbons with slogans on the coat of arms of the USSR
corresponded to the order of listing the union republics in Art. 13 of the
Constitution (established according to the size of the population). Clarification
and redrawing of the coat of arms at different times were made by the artists
of Goznak I.S. Krylkov, S.A. Novsky, P.M. Chernyshev, S.A. Pomansky. On March
31, 1980, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the
Regulation on the State Emblem of the USSR was approved. On June 25, it is
enshrined in the USSR Law. According to this Regulation: "1. The state emblem of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics is a symbol of the state sovereignty of the USSR, the
inviolable alliance of workers, peasants and intelligentsia, friendship and
brotherhood of the working people of all nations and nationalities of the
country, the state unity of the Soviet people, building a communist society. 2. The state emblem of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics is an image of a hammer and sickle against the background
of the globe, in the rays of the sun and framed by ears of corn, with an
inscription in the languages of the Union republics:
"Workers of all countries, unite!" At the top of the coat of arms
is a five-pointed star. The inscriptions on the State Emblem of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics in the languages of the Union
republics are reproduced on the ribbon framing the ears in the following
order: bottom center in Russian; from bottom to top on the left side - in
Ukrainian, Uzbek, Georgian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Tajik, Turkmen; on the right
side - in Belarusian, Kazakh, Azerbaijani, Moldavian, Kyrgyz, Armenian,
Estonian In the
color image of the State Emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
the hammer and sickle, the sun and ears are golden; the water surface of the
globe is blue, the continents are light brown; the tape is red; the star is
red, framed by a gold border. " The motto
letters were also depicted in gold. |
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Based on the book: V. Potseluev "Coats
of arms of the USSR", article by S. Bolotina "How our coat of arms
was created." // Science and Life, No. 11.1983. and other sources http://www.heraldicum.ru/russia/ussr.htm |
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© Hubert de Vries