SCOTLAND
Part 2
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A third socio-political element engraved on the stones is the imago of the ruler. It is a rider usually represented on the obverse of the stones in the same way a rider was represented on the obverses of the later royal seals. These riders are for sure the beginning of the tradition in Scotland. The king is represented here in his quality of commander or as the holder of armed authority, the thunderbolt of which is sometimes represented above his head. Sometimes his barons or co-warriors are represented. In the early
medieval period, with its many competing kingdoms within the modern
boundaries of Scotland, kingship was not inherited in a direct line from the
previous king. A candidate for kingship usually needed to be a member of a
particular dynasty and to claim descent from a particular ancestor. Kingship
could be multi-layered and very fluid. The Pictish kings of Fortriu were
probably acting as overlords of other Pictish kings for much of this period
and occasionally were able to assert an overlordship over non-Pictish kings,
but sometimes had to acknowledge the overlordship of external rulers, both
Anglian and British. Such relationships may have included obligations to pay
tribute or to |
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supply armed
forces. In victory subordinate rulers may have received rewards in return.
Interaction and intermarriage into subject kingdoms may have opened the way
to absorption of such sub-kingdoms and, although there might be later
overturnings of such annexation, it is likely that kingship was being
gradually monopolised by a handful of the most powerful dynasties. The primary
role of a king was to act as a war leader, reflected in the very small number
of minorities or female reigning monarchs in the period. Kings organised the
defence of their people's lands, property and persons and negotiated with
other kings to secure these things. If they failed to do so, the settlements
might be raided, destroyed or annexed and the populations killed or taken
into slavery. Kings also engaged in the low-level warfare of raiding and the
more ambitious full-scale warfare that led to conflicts of large armies and
alliances and which could be undertaken over relatively large distances, like
the expedition to Orkney by Dál Riata in 581 or the Northumbrian attack on
Ireland in 684. It was only at
the beginning of the 12th century that the Scottinh kings came to represent
themselves as administrative heads issuing sealed documents. Kingship had
its ritual aspects. The Scottish kings of Dál Riata were inaugurated by
putting their foot in a footprint in stone, signifying that they would follow
in the footsteps of their predecessors. The Kingdom
of Alba, unified in the ninth century and which would develop into the
kingdom of Scotland, had Scone and its sacred stone at the heart
of its coronation ceremony, which historians presume was inherited from
Pictish practice, but which was claimed to date back to the first arrival of
the Scottish kings from Ireland. It was here that Scottish kings before the
wars of independence were crowned, on the Stone
of Scone, before its removal by Edward I in 1296. The first ceremony for
which details survive is that for Alexander III in 1249. They describe a
ceremony that combined elements of ancient heritage, the Church and secular
lordship. He was consecrated by the Bishop of St Andrews and placed on the
throne by the Mormaers of Strathearn and Fife
and his genealogy recited in Gaelic back to his Dalriadric Scottish ancestors
by a royal poet from the Highlands. There was no anointment or crowning
ceremony, as was common elsewhere in Europe. Later kings seem to have
resented this omission and attempted to remedy it by appeals to the Pope.
However, Scottish kings are usually depicted wearing crowns and carrying the
normal regalia associated with kingship. For most of the
medieval era, the king was itinerant and had no "capital" as such. David I (r. 1124–53) tried to build up
Roxburgh as a royal centre, but in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, more
charters were issued at Scone than any other location. Other popular locations
in the early part of the era were nearby Perth, Stirling, Dunfermline and
Edinburgh. In the later Middle Ages the king moved between royal castles,
particularly Perth and Stirling, but also holding judicial sessions
throughout the kingdom, with Edinburgh only beginning to emerge as the
capital in the reign of James III at the cost of considerable unpopularity.
The unification of the kingdom, the spread of Anglo-Norman custom, the
development of a European trading economy and Robert I's success in achieving
independence from England did much to build up the prestige of the
institution. |
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Regalia |
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The badges of the Scottish ruler were a crown, a
sceptre, a sword, and a royal mantle. These were parts of his imago, the portrait of the ruler in
full official dress. More or less a
throne also belonged to his imago. From the end of the 12th century he also bore a coat
of arms or a personal emblem. From the reign of King Edgar (1097-1107) to the
reign of King James II (1437-’60) the royal crown of Scotland is represented
as a circular fillet with a varying number of fleurs de lis and leaves round
the rim. This crown qualifies the wearer as an official of
royal rank, the fleurs de lis being the symbols of armed authority and the
leaves the symbols of administrative but not christian administrative
authority.
Young James III wearing an open crown with 5 (10)
fleurs de lis and leaves Towards the end of the fifteenth century several monarchs
of ancient independent European kingdoms adopted the arched crown. In that
time the Holy Roman Empire was abandoned by the Emperor Frederick III, and
its nucleus in Germany renamed German Nation of the Holy Roman Empire. As a
result the other kingdoms, formerly being nominally a part of the Empire, became sovereign states. Their
sovereignty was soon symbolized by a crown closed with two hoops, crested
with an orb. For the occasion some crowns were upgraded by adding such hoops,
in the case of the Hungarian crown for example by mounting an old cross on a
medieval crown found in the royal treasury. The first evidence that the new fashion was followed
also in Scotland appears on a silver coin struck in 1484 during the reign of
King James III. The coin is a groat bearing
the portrait of the monarch wearing a diadem consisting of a fillet with
eight fleurs de lis having four arches surmounted by an orb and cross.
Groat of King James III, 1484 The Trearurer’s accounts show that the crown was
repaired by Matthew Auchinlek in 1503, possibly because it was light and
delicate or that the hoops were mounted only provisionally. It was
represented on the Book of Hours of King James IV said to be made in 1504. The crown had to be repaired again in 1532, this time
by the goldsmith Thomas Wood. By the time an inventory of royal jewels was
made in March 1539, further damage had been done. The crown is described as
having one fleur de lis broken off and lost. The inventory gives a weight of
the crown as 16oz 15dwt Scots. The condition of the crown obviously did not
satisfy King James V and he ordered major changes. The goldsmith apponted to undertake the work was
John Mosman, a member of the incorporation of Goldsmiths in Edinburgh. Mosman had been commissioned in 1539 to make the
Queen’s crown. In January 1540 he set about refashioning the Royal crown. His
craftmanship is typical of Scottish work at the time, lacking the fine
quality shown by the best contemporay continental goldsmiths. Mosman started by dismantling the four arches from
the broken crown and removed the existing stones and jewels. He melted down
the remaining circlet and added forty-one ounces of Scottish gold. He then
casted ten fleurs de lis and made ten crosses fleury, enriched by four pearls
surrounding a gemstone. A broad flat band was made edged top and bottom with
a decorative strip. On top of it was attached an undulating ring of forty
half circles and thereon the ten fleurs de lis and the ten crosses fleury,
each separated by a pearl. Twenty-two stones of varied shape and size were
placed in claw settings. The circlet and its decoration are all nw work by
John Mosman. The four arches from the old crown, each decorated with three
gold and red enamelled oak leaves were added to the circlet. On its is the
orb and cross brought van Paris by king James in 1537. At the foot of the
cross on the back is a small rectangular panel with the letters IR5 for
Jacobus Rex 5. The crown is lined with a purple velvet bonnet, on
it are four ornaments of pearls and enamelled gold plates. The original is
said to be from 1503 being renewed in 1532. No bonnet however is seen on
contemporary representations before 1540. It has been renewed on several
occasions. By James VII (1685-’89) the colour was changed to red. The present
bonnet was made in 1993. On 13 February 1540 the new crown was delivered to
the king at the Palace of Holyroodhouse and was worn by him at his consort’s
coronation nine days later, in the abbey church of Holyrood.
The crown of 1540 |
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A fur trim of ermine was added soon after the union
of Scotland and England in 1603. It is derived from the ducal hat of the
English kings which was red with a turnover of ermine. The Scottish crown after 1603 |
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The Sceptre The sceptre as represented on the royal seals
consists of a staff crested with a fleur de lis. It was introduced on the
third seal of Alexander III (1249-’86) replacing the sword held in the right
hand of earlier royal imago’s. In
fact however, the meaning of sword and lily-sceptre was about the same, the
sceptre symbolizing armed authority, the sword symbolizing the executive
armed power. The shape of the fleur de lis developed along the
lines of European gothic fashion, its leaves becoming a less abstract shape
in the course of time. On the seal of Robert III however, the straight fleur
de lis-shape was reintroduced. Tradition has it that the surviving sceptre was a
gift in 1494 from Pope Alexander VI.
It is a golden staff crested with a kind of an almost
unrecognisable fleur de lis with a large ball of christal rock on top. |
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The Throne It is
believed that a mysterious footprint in a rock at Dunadd has played a role in the inauguration of the kings
of Dalraida.
Footprint at Dunadd Another
mysterious item connected with the coronations or inaugurations of Scottish
kings is a big stone
called “of Scone” In 1296 the Stone was captured by Edward
I of England as spoils of war and taken to Westminster Abbey, where it was
fitted into a wooden chair - known as King Edward's Chair - on which most
subsequent English sovereigns have been crowned. Edward I sought to claim his
status as the "Lord Paramount" of Scotland, with the right to
oversee its King.
The stone was described in the
14th century by the English
cleric and historian Walter Hemingford. He described the stone and
its location at the monastery of Scone, a few miles north of Perth: “Apud Monasterium de Scone positus est
lapis pergrandis in ecclesia Dei, juxta manum altare, concavus quidem ad
modum rotundae cathedreaie confectus, in quo futuri reges loco quasi
coronationis ponebantur ex more.” (In the monastery of Scone, in the church of God, near to the high altar,
is kept a large stone, hollowed out as a
round chair, on which their kings were placed for their ordination,
according to custom).
Stone of Scone The present stone does not match this description
and has about the measures (66´42.5´27 cm)
of the foot-stool which can be seen on the seal of King Edgar (1097-1107).
For that reason we may suppose that King Edward I has only captured half of
the royal seat. It has nevertheless played a role in subsequent coronation
ceremonies of English kings. By this
tradition it has in any case gained its own authenticity. On 3 July 1996,
it was announced in the House of Commons that the Stone would be returned to
Scotland, and on 15 November 1996, after a handover ceremony at the border
between representatives of the Home Office and of the Scottish Office, it was
transported to Edinburgh Castle. The Stone arrived in the Castle on 30
November 1996 and it remains alongside the crown jewels of Scotland (the
Honours of Scotland) in the Crown Room. The handover occurred on St Andrew's
Day, a day in honour of the patron Saint of Scotland, and Prince Andrew, Duke
of York was the Queen's representative. The stone is probably represented on the seal of
King Edgar (1097-1107) on which his foot-stool has about the shape of the
Stone of Scone. On later seals however, this foot-stool has disappeared and
is replaced by a board as an integral part of the throne. Later the shape of
the throne developed according to the subsequent fashions of gothic art. |
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The Imago |
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Óengus I |
King of
the Picts 732-761 |
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Associated with King Óengus I is
is the so called St. Andrews Sarcophagus.
St Andrews Sarcophagus St. Andrews Cathedral museum One of
the finest examples of early medieval sculpture in Europe, is the St Andrews
Sarcophagus. Fragments of this were unearthed when a grave was being dug near
St Rule's Tower (build 1123 ca) in 1833 and a subsequent search
revealed larger pieces. The main
figure on the relief is of Hercules slaying the Nemean lion. This refers to
the first of Hercules’ twelve labours, set by his cousin King Eurystheus, which was to slay the Nemean lion.
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The idea is repeated with the rider slaying a lion in the upper central register, the rank of king or high-king of Oengus I symbolized by the eagle (falcon?) in his left hand. This is the first and only time that a Scottish King is represented with a bird of prey, be it an eagle or a falcon.
A rider
strongly resembling the rider on the St Andrews sarcophagus is on the Hilton
on Cadbol slab which may have been erected in the later years of the reign of
Malcolm II (1005-’34). The decline of the sculpture is striking.
Rider on
Hilton on Cadbol slab On the stones however the ruler is not represented in the modern sense of a chief administrator and never “in majestas” like on many Irish high crosses and on the obverse of the medieval royal seals. Both stones with latin crosses and greek crosses have a ‘war-side’ on which the symbol of armed authority is represented together with the imago of the ruler. |
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Rider on Meigle 4 |
Rider on Gowan Sarcophagus |
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Rider on
Meigle 2 |
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Caustantin |
789-820 |
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Rider on
Dupplin cross, 820. |
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Donald II |
889-900 |
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A very early
representation of a Scottish king enthroned is in the 10th century Book of
Deer.
Scottish
king in the Book of Deer, fol. 4b The Book of Deer (Leabhar Dhèir
in Gaelic) (Cambridge University Library, MS. Ii.6.32) is a 10th-century
Latin Gospel Book
with early 12th-century additions in Latin, Old Irish and Scottish
Gaelic . It is noted for containing the earliest surviving
Gaelic writing from Scotland. The Book of
Deer (Evangelia) is a Gospel Book written in a hand that was
current in the period c. 850-1000 and generally dated to the first half of
the tenth century. While the manuscripts to which the Book of Deer is closest
in character are all Irish, scholars have tended to
argue for a Scottish origin, and it is widely regarded as the earliest manuscript
produced in Scotland. Of the four Gospels only the text of St
John is complete. Each Gospel is prefaced by a full-page
illumination (1v, 16v, 29v,
41v). The manuscript belongs to the category of 'Irish
pocket Gospel Books', produced for private use rather than for church
services.
On Fol. 4b. the
text reads: "ACUSBENNACT INCHOMDED ARCECMORMAR ACUSARCECTOSECH
CHOMALLFAS ACUSDAN-SIL DANEIS." Donachd mac mec bead mec hídid dorat
acchad madchór docrist acusdodrostan acusdocholuimcille insóre gobrád malechí
acuscómgell acusgillecrist mac fingúni innáienasi intestes acus malcoluim mac
moliní. Cormac mac cennedig dorat gonige scáli
merlec. Comgell mac cáennaig táesec clande canan
dórat docrist acusdodrostán acusdócholuim cille gonige ingort lie mór igginn
infíus isnesu daldín alenn ódubúci gólurchárí etarsliab acusachad. * issaeri
othesseach cubráth acusabennacht arcachhén chomallfas araer cubrath
acusamallact arachén ticfa ris; * which in
translation gives: "AND
THE LORD'S BLESSING ON EVERY MORMAER AND ON EVERY TOISECH WHO SHALL FULFIL
(THIS) AND TO THEIR SEED AFTER THEM." Donachad son of Mac Bethad son of Ided gave Achad Madchor to
Christ and to Drostán and to Columcille in freedom for ever: Malechi and
Comgell and Gille-Christ son of Fingune in witness whereof in testimony, and
Maelcoluim son of Molíne. Cormac son of Cennedig gave as far as Scale
Merlech. Comgell son of Caennech, chief of Clan Canan, gave to Christ and to
Drostán and to Columcille as far as the Gort-lie-Mór at (the) hither(?) End
which is nearest to Aldin Alenn from Dobaci to Luchari both mountain and
field * in freedom from chief for ever; and his blessing on every one who
shall fulfil (this) and his curse on every one who shall go against it."
* Æ This grant
includes three portions of land. Achad Madchor is Auchmachar lying about three miles
north-west from the church of Deer. Scale Merlech is that known now as
Skillymarno, a farm about a
mile beyond Auchmachar to the north. The third portion is the lands of Aldin
Alenn or Aden (of old
Alneden), which lie along the River Ugie eastwards from the church; but from
the additional description, "both mountain and field", it may be
inferred that these lands must have included part of
the high ground at Pitfour. The
illustration is probably a representation of king Donald II (889-900) who is
called Donachad in the grant of
land. He is represented as a bearded king enthroned with a sword upright
between his knees. His dress shows five stripes, three of them being cloured
(purple), which seems to have been an Irish badge of rank. He and his
assistants wear a bonnet which may be a predecessor of the Scottish bonnet. |
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Malcolm II |
*954-†1034 1005-1034 |
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To the Irish annals which recorded his
death, Máel Coluim (Malcolm II)
was ard rí Alban, High King of Scotland. The first
reliable report of Máel Coluim's
reign is of an invasion of Bernicia in 1006, perhaps the customary crech ríg (literally royal prey, a
raid by a new king made to demonstrate prowess in war), which involved a siege of Durham. This appears to have resulted in a
heavy defeat by the Northumbrians, led by Uhtred of Bamburgh (†1016), later Earl of Bernicia, which is reported by the Annals of Ulster. A second war in
Bernicia, probably in 1018, was more successful. The Battle of Carham, by the River Tweed, was a victory for the Scots led by
Máel Coluim and the men of Strathclyde led by their king, Owen the Bald. By this time Eiríkr
Hákonarson was appointed Earl of Northumbria by his brother-in-law
Cnut
the Great, although his
authority seems to have been limited to the south, the former kingdom of Deira, and he took no action against the
Scots so far as is known. The work De obsessione Dunelmi (The siege of Durham, associated with Symeon of
Durham) claims that
Uchtred's brother Eadwulf Cudel surrendered Lothian to Máel Coluim, presumably in the aftermath of the defeat at Carham. |
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House of Dunkeld |
1034-1040 |
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Duncan I |
1034-1040 |
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House of Moray |
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Macbeth |
1040-1057 |
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Lulach |
1057-1058 |
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House of Dunkeld |
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Malcolm
III |
1058-1093 |
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Donald
III |
1093-1094 |
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Duncan
II |
1094 |
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Equestrian seal of Duncan II: Rider with helmet and pennon. L.: X SIGILL [.....] ORV. [1] |
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Donald
III |
1094-1097 |
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Edgar |
1097-1107 |
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Seal of Majesty of Edgar: Seated ruler, in his left hand a sword. His
feet on a footstool (Stone of Scone?) |
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Alexander
I |
1107-1124 |
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Seal: Obv.:
Enthroned crowned ruler with sword
and orb, between two suns radiant. L.: ALEXANDER DEO
RECTORE REX SCOTTORUM (Alexander
guided by God King of the Scots). Rev.: Knight on horseback with shield and
pennon. L.: Id. |
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St.
David I |
1124-1153 |
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Seal: Obv.:
Enthroned crowned ruler with sword
and orb, between two suns radiant. L.: DAVID DEO RECTORE REX SCOTTORUM. Rev.: Knight on horseback with shield and pennon.
L.: Id.
Privy
Seal of King David Lion couchant reguardant This is
the second time a lion occurs in relation with a scottish ruler. In this time
a lion was associated with the third Heerschild (shield of
knighthood) on the continent. It was the badge of rank of a ruler not being a
king or a high ranking prelate who ocupied the first and the second Heerschild, but more than a free lord who
occupied the fourth Heerschild. At the
same time the sceptre of Stephen of Blois, king of England was crested with
an eagle, the badge of the bretwalda’s
of England before him. |
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Malcolm IV |
1153-1165 |
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Seal: Obv.:
Enthroned crowned ruler with sword
and orb, between two suns radiant. L.: MALCOLVM DEO RECTORE REX SCOTTORUM. Rev.: Knight on horseback with shield and pennon.
L.: Id. |
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William
the Lion |
1165-1214 |
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Seal: Obv.:
Enthroned crowned ruler with sword
and orb, L.: WILHELMVS DEO RECTORE REX
SCOTTORUM. Rev.: Knight on horseback with
shield and pennon. L.: Id. |
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William was a
key player in the Revolt of 1173–1174 against Henry II. In 1174, at the
Battle of Alnwick, William recklessly charged the English troops himself, but
was unhorsed and captured by Henry's troops led by Ranulf de Glanvill and
taken to Falaise in Normandy. Henry then sent an
army to Scotland and occupied it. As ransom and to regain his kingdom,
William had to acknowledge Henry as his feudal overlord and agree to pay for
the cost of the English army's occupation of Scotland by taxing the Scots.
The church of Scotland was also subjected to that of England. This he did by
signing the Treaty of Falaise. He was then allowed to return to Scotland. In
1175 he swore fealty to Henry II at York Castle. When Richard
the Lionheart needed money to take part in the Third Crusade, he agreed to
terminate it in return for 10,000 silver marks, on 5 December 1189. Probably
because of the loss of sovereignty of his kingdoms the two suns disappeared
on his seals. |
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Alexander II |
1214-1249 |
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Seal: Obv.:
Enthroned ruler with sword and
orb. L.: ALEXANDER
DEO RECTORE REX SCOTTORUM.
Rev.: Knight on horseback with shield and sword. Arms: Lion rampant. On his saddle: Lion rampant. L.: Id. 1244
Arms::
Or, lion rampant within a tressure flory. L.: scut rex scocie. Matthew Paris Liber
Additamentorum . B.L. Ms Cotton Nero D.I.
Fol. 171 n° 3. (in the margin is a note on Henry III’s expedition to
Scotland. (Lewis)
Arms: Or, a lion rampant Gules and a bordure flory counter flory Gules. L.: Scutum regis Scociæ. Matthew Paris. Historia Anglorum. B.L. Ms
Roy. 14.C.VII fol. 146v°: Death of Alexander II, King of Scots, 1249 - bottom
left margin inverted shield. (Lewis). |
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Alexander
III |
1249-1286 |
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First Seal Seal: Obv.:
Enthroned ruler with sword and....
Rev.: Knight on horseback with shield and sword. Arms: Lion rampant. On his
horse clothes: Lion rampant. L.: Id. |
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Second Seal Seal: Obv.:
Enthroned ruler with lily-scepter.
L.: ALEXANDER
DEO RECTORE REX SCOTTORUM.
Rev.: Knight on horseback with shield and sword. Arms: Lion rampant within a
tressure flory counterflory. On his saddle: Lion rampant within tressure
flory counter flory. L.: Id. |
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Third Seal Seal: Obv.:
Enthroned ruler with lily-scepter.
L.: ALEXANDER
DEO RECTORE REX SCOTTORUM.
Rev.: Knight on horseback with shield and sword. Arms: Lion rampant within a
tressure flory counterflory. On his saddle: Lion rampant within tressure
flory counter flory. L.: Id. 1252 Arms:: Or, a lion rampant in tressure
flory inwards only Gules. Matthew Paris Chronica Majora. Corp. Christi. Coll.
Ms 16 fol 254. King Alexander III of Scotland knighted, 1252 - bottom left
margin: erect shield between a lance and sword, with belt and scabbard below.
(Lewis). |
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Arms of
the King of Scotland as in Wijnbergen Armorial 1270
ca Arms: D’or au lion de gueules dans un double trescheur fleuronné et
contre-fleuronné du même. (Wijnbergen n° 1272, Adam Even). 1275 Arms:
Le roy d’Escoce, d’or un lion rampant
et un borde floretté de gulez. (Walford’s Roll C11, Cl
15, Cd 32. Brault.) |
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House of Norway |
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Margareth |
1286-1290 |
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Interregnum |
1290-1292 |
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Great Seal appointed
for the Government of the Realm 1290-‘92 Obv.: St. Andrew crucified on a
cross saltire. L.: ANDREA :
SCOTIS : DVX : ESTO : COMPATRIOTIS. Rev.: Arms::
Lion within a double tressure flory counterflory. L.: SIGILLVM
SCOCIE DEPVTATVM REGIMINI REGNI. [2] |
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House of Balliol |
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Arms of Balliol Arms: Gules, an escutcheon Argent
voided of the field On
the seal of John Balliol there are on the administration side (obverse) the
arms of Balliol. These are documented as follows: John: Ba23: Johan Baylol, de gules od un faus
escuchun de argent; Bb23: Joan de Baylol, de gules od un faus escocheon
argent. Hugh: Ba 24: Huwe de Bailol,
autel a un escuchun de azur a un lion de argent corone or; Bb24: Huwe de
Bayloll, ut in margine. Eustace C115: Eustace de Balioll, gulez a un faux
escocheon d'argent. Cl142 Eustache de Bailiol, de goule a un faus eskochin
d'argent; Cd75: Eustasche de Baylyoll, gules a une faus eskochun argent.
Alexander: D130 Munsire Alisander de
Bailol, l'escu de gules a un escuchun d'argent percé; H28: Sir Alexandre
de Bayloylfs porte d'argent ou ung faus eschue de gulez. K v579: Mes
Allisandres de Bailoel,/ke a tout bien faire gettoit le oel,/Blanche banier
avoit el champ/Al rouge escu voidié du champ. [3] í In England and on the continent the personal or
the family-arms of the ruler were often marshalled in a quarterly or in an
impaled with the arms of the realm. This fashion was not adopted in Scotland
and no marshalled arms of any Scottish king are known before the rule of
Queen Mary. Instead, the ancient arms of the Kings from the House of Dunkeld
were adopted by the House of Stewart as their own. |
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John |
1292-1296 |
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Seal: Enthroned
king between the arms of Balliol and Galloway. On the reverse John on
horseback with the arms of Scotland. L.:
IOHANNES DEI GRACIA REX SCOTTORUM
Arms of
Galloway Arms:
Azure, a crowned lion rampant Argent langued Gules |
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Interregnum |
1296-1306 |
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|
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Seal of
Edward I King of England, regent (1296-1306). Seal for the governance of Scotland. Rev.: Arms: England. (No arms of Scotland). In
about 1295 Sir Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick (1253-1304), exchanged 5½
acres of land in Hatfield Broad Oak for 5¾ acres held by Hatfield Priory (D/DBa T1/4).
Brus’s seal survives on this deed and shows a saltire, with a lion
above.
Seal of Robert de Brus (1295) Arms: [Or] a saltire and a chief [Gules) charged with a
lion passant guardant [Or]. The secretum or private seal of Robert
Bruce, Earl of Carrick, the father of the King, appended to the homage-deed
extorted by Edward I. from the Scottish nobles
The arms of the count of Carrick in Balliol Roll 1330-‘40
1296 Secret seal of Robert Bruce, Earl of
Carrick jure uxoris Image: Lion passant guardant. L.: secretvm secretorvm. |
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|
House of Bruce |
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Or, a saltire and a chief Gules |
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Robert
I |
*1274-†1329 1306-1329 |
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Seal of Majesty: Seated crowned ruler with floral sceptre. His
throne decorated with dragon’s heads. L.: ROBERTVS DEOR [....] REX SCOTTORVM Equestrian Seal: Crowned rider with arms of Scotland. L.: As previous. |
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David II |
1329-1371 |
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|
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Seal of Majesty: Crowned ruler with floral
sceptre, seated on a dragon’s throne. L.: DAVID DEI GRACIA REX SCOTTORUM. Equestrian seal: Arms: On shield, horseclothes and
aillettes: Lion within a tressure flory counterflory. L.: DAVID DEI GRACIA REX SCOTTORUM. |
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|
Royal arms of Scotland in the Armorial Bellenville fol. 11. Æ Royal arms of Scotland in Gelre Armorial, fol. 64, n° 679. 1360 ca Arms: Scotland. Crest: On a helmet lambrequined
Bruce (Or, a saltire and a chief Gules), a crown enclosing a hill proper a
crowned lion sejant Gules in his dexter a sword upright proper. L.: die conīc
vā scotlāt. |
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|
The king
of Scotland on horseback According to AnthonyWagner [4]. The
picture is a reconstruction of King David II (1329-’71) in full martial dress
(as no crest is known from Robert I) |
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|
House of Balliol |
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|
Edward
Balliol |
counter king 1332-1356 |
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Seal: Enthroned
king between the arms of Galloway and Balliol. On the reverse Edward on
horseback crowned and with the arms of Scotland on shield and horse-clothes. L.: EDWARDVS DEI GRACIA REX SCOTORVM |
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|
House of Stewart |
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|
Knights from
the House of Stewart used the arms of Scotland with marks of cadency added
for difference. |
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|
Å Å Alexander Stuart, Count of Ross: (†1406) Arms: Scotland, a fess chequy
Azure and Argent over all Crest: On a helmet lambrequined
Gules a hog’s head per fess Gules and chequy Argent and Azure between two trunks and their foliage Vert Å John Stuart, Count of Carrick
(†1406) Arms: Scotland with a label of
three Argent, the pendants chequy Argent and Azure. Crest: On a helmet lambrequined
Gules with a wreath Argent and Azure, a lion’s head Gules between
a pair of wings Or. John
became King of Scotland as Robert III in 1390. |
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David Stuart,
Count of Strathern (†1391) Æ Arms: Scotland, a chevron Gules
and a fess chequy Azure and Argent over all. |
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Robert II |
1371-1390 |
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|
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Seal of Majesty:
Seated ruler with sceptre
between the arms of Scotland. L.: ROBERTVS
DEI GRACIA REX SCOTTORVM. Equestrian seal: Arms: On shield and horsecloth:
Scotland. Crest: Lion passant
guardant. L.: ROBERTVS DEI GRACIA REX SCOTTORVM. (Gray
Birch n° 28) |
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Robert
III |
1390-1406 |
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Seal of Majesty:
Seated crowned ruler with
sceptre. L.: SIGILLVM ROBERTI DEI GRACIA REX SCOTTOR. Equestrian seal: Arms: Scotland. Crest: Crown. L.: SIGILLVM ROBERTI DEI GRACIA REX SCOTTOR |
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|
James
I |
*1394- †1437 1406-1437 |
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Gold demi of
9 shillings Obv.: Crowned arms of Scotland in lozenge. L.: IACOBVS DEI GRACIA REX
S. Rev.: Cross saltire. L.: X SALVVM FAC POPVLUM TVVM DN Robert Stuart, Duke of Albany, Governor of Scotland
( 1420): Scotland & Albany: 1/4: 1&4: Or a lion rampant gu; 2&3:
Or, a fess chequy 3´7 azure and argent, and a label of 3 gu. (nos. 34/35) Murdoch Stuart, Regent of Scotland (1425): same as
prec. (nos. 36/37) |
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James
II |
1437-1460 |
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1440
ca Mannequin: Coat of arms and
horse-clothes: Scotland. Crest: A crowned lion Gules keeping
a sword upright issuant from a crown. L.: Le Roy Descoße. Menemo
impune Laceßit. In defens. [5] Æ See illustration in the head of this essay. 1440 ca Arms: d’or au lion de gu. dans un trecheur
fleuronné de même, C.: un lion de gu. tenant une epée d’arg. assis sur une
cour. d’or, cap. d’arg. (courtoisie) L.: scotlant. Bergshammer n° 15. Arms:
as before: cap. d’or. L.: die coninc van scotlant. Den ouden helm (The ancient helmet): C.: une tête d’homme coiffé
d’un chaperon d’or garni de 5 grelots, cour et cap
de même. Bergshammer n° 2071. 1455
ca Arms: Scotland Crest: Crowned lion sejant. (Countal palace, Merano.
Eleonore, een dochter van James II was gehuwd met Hertog Sigismund van
Oostenrijk-Tirol) |
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James
III |
1460-1488 |
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In 1471 there was a curious attempt of the Scottish
Parliament to displace the tressure. An Act was passed in that year, for some
hitherto unexplained reason, by which it was ordained “that
in tyme to cum thar suld be na double tresor about his armys, but that he
suld ber hale armys of the lyoun without ony mair.” [-] Like many other
Acts, however, it never seems to have been carried into effect; [-] [6]
The arms
of the King of Scotland in Conrad von Grünebergs Wappenbuch, 1483 http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00035320/image_49 |
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James
IV |
1488-1513 |
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Coin of
James IV Crowned
arms and square cross between four crowns, charged with a saltire on the
reverse |
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James
V |
1513-1542 |
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Gold crown of James V Crowned arms between two saltires and square cross between four thistle-flowers on the reverse. |
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Mary |
*1542-†1587 Queen of
Scotland 1542-1567 ¥ Francis II of
France 1558-†1560 Queen of France
1559-1560 ¥ Henry Stewart 1565-’67 ¥ James Hepburn 1567-’78 |
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|
Coin
of Mary Stuart Crowned
arms between two thistles. L.: MARIA
& HENRICS DEI GRA R&R SCOTORUM |
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Arms of Mary and Francis II Francis
II who married Mary Stuart, queen of Scotland in 1558 united his arms as a
Dauphin of Viennois with those of his wife. But, as she was a queen by her
own right and Francis became king of Scotland juxe uxoris, both bore the same arms.
The conventions were that the arms of France and Scotland were united under
the same crown. For that reason the arms became
impaled of a quarterly of France and Viennois and Scotland. Dauphin
of France and Queen of Scotland (24.04.1558-10.07.1559) |
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1 |
2 |
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On
the secret seal and on the medal struck at the occasion of the wedding there
is a 1.
1|2: 1. ¼ France and Viennois; 2. Scotland, crowned with a closed crown. 2.
1|2: I. ½ 1. ¼ France/Viennois; 2. Scotland; II. Scotland. |
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Dauphin
of Viennois and Queen of Scotland after the death of Mary of England 17.11.1558 until
10.07.1559: Indeed Francis and Mary were King and Queen of
Scotland since their wedding on 24 April 1558 but on 17 November 1558 Mary,
queen of England died. Her half sister Elizabeth (I) succeeded her but for the Church of Rome the only
legitime successor could only be Mary Stuart, then queen of Scotland and
dauphine of Viennois. Mary however did not claim this right immediately.
C.-W. Scott Giles ascribes in The
Romance of Heraldry a quarterly of a counterquarterly of Viennois and
France and Scotland with an escutcheon over all of a quarterly of France and
England. This
became for Mary the same but impaled with her
quarterly of Scotland and counterquarterly of France-England. 3.
¼: 1& 4: ¼ France/Viennois; 2&3: Scotland. In nombril point: ¼
France/England
4.
1|2: I. ½: 1. ¼ France/Viennois; 2. Scotland. In nombril point ¼:
France/England dimidiated. (Francis II); II ¼: 1&4 Scotland; 2&3 ¼
France and England. (Mary). |
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|
King
of France and Queen of Scotland, pretenders of England
(10.07.1559-05.12.1560)
5.
Arms: 1|2: I ½ France/England; II. Scotland (Cat. of Seals
in the British Museum n° 18120) |
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6. ¼
France/Scotland 7. 1|2 France/Scotland
[7] |
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|
James
VI / I |
1567-1625 King of England
1603-1625 |
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|
Union of England and Scotland |
1603-1707 |
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|
James I (VI) |
-1625 King of England
1603-1625 |
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|
After the
union of Scotland and England the royal arms for Scotland became a quarterly
of Scotland, England and Ireland, on the place of honour in the first and
fourth of Scotland.
Arms: ¼: 1&4: Scotland; 2 ¼: France and England; 3. Ireland. Crown: A royal crown of three fleurs de lis and two square crosses closed with four hoops. |
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|
Charles I |
1625-1649 |
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Arms: ¼: 1&4: Scotland; 2 ¼: France and England; 3. Ireland. Crown: A royal crown of three fleurs de lis and two square crosses closed with four hoops |
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|
Charles II |
1649-1653 |
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|
Covenanter
government was outraged by Parliament's execution of Charles I in 1649, carried
out in the face of their strongest objections. No sooner did news of his
death reach the north than his son was proclaimed King Charles II in
Edinburgh. Oliver Cromwell invaded Scotland in 1650, and defeated the
Scottish army in battles at Dunbar and Worcester. Scotland was then occupied
by an English force under George Monck throughout the Interregnum and
incorporated into the Puritan-governed Commonwealth |
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|
Protectorate & Commonwealth |
1653-1660 |
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|
From 1652 to
1660, Scotland was part of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, under English
control but gaining equal trading rights. |
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|
Protectorate |
1653-1659 |
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|
Oliver
Cromwell |
Lord Protector 1653-1658 |
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|
Arms of the Lord Protector for Scotland 1656 In
the time of the Protectorate the royal arms for Scotland were abolished and replaced
by the arms saltire of Scotland charged with an escutcheon Cromwell: Sable, a
lion rampant Argent. They are on his equestrian seal dated 1656 with the
legend: OLIVARIUS
DEI GRA REIP ANGLIÆ, SCOTIÆ ET
HIBERNIÆ &c PROTECTOR After his
re-installation as a Lord Protector in 1657 his arms became a quarterly of
England, Scotland and Ireland with his arms Cromwell in nombril point. The
arms are crowned with a royal crown which had been offered to him by the
parliament but which he had refused in a speech on 13 April 1657 in which he made clear that God's providence
had spoken against the office of king: “I would not seek to set up that which
Providence hath destroyed and laid in the dust, and I would not build Jericho
again”. This crown
differs from the crown of the Stuarts in that there are three square crosses
and two fleurs de lis are visible instead of three fleurs de lis and two
square crosses.
|
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|
Richard
Cromwell |
Lord Protector 1658-1659 |
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|
The same arms were used by Richard
Obverse of
the Great Seal of Richard Cromwell |
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|
Commonwealth |
06.05.1659-04.041660 |
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|
Arms for
Scotland 1659 As in the achievement of the Commonwealth |
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|
Kingdom |
1660-1707 |
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|
After the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Scotland
regained its separate status and institutions, while the centre of political
power remained in London Upon its
collapse, and with the restoration of Charles II, Scottish independence
returned. Scotland regained its parliament, but the English Navigation Acts
prevented the Scots engaging in what would have been lucrative trading with
England's growing colonies. The formal frontier between the two countries was
re-established, with customs duties which, while they protected Scottish
cloth industries from cheap English imports, also denied access to English
markets for Scottish cattle or Scottish linens. |
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|
House of Stuart |
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|
Charles
II |
1660-1685 |
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|
|
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|
James
II |
1685-1689 |
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|
Arms: ¼: 1&4: Scotland; 2 ¼: France and England; 3. Ireland. Crown: A royal crown of three square crosses and two fleurs de lis closed with four hoops Order: The collar and jewel of the Order of the Thistle, revived in 1687.
Head of a
Proclamation declaring William and Mary King
and Queen of England to be King and Queen of Scotland. Edinburgh, 1689. |
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|
William
III & Mary |
1689-1694 |
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|
After the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89, in which James VII was deposed by his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange in England, Scotland
accepted them under the 1689 Claim of Right
Arms: ¼: 1&4: Scotland; 2 ¼: France and England; 3. Ireland. And in nombril point Nassau: Azure, strewn with billets a lion rampant Or Crown: A royal crown of three square crosses and two fleurs de lis closed with four hoops |
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|
William
III of Orange Nassau |
1694-1702 |
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|
Arms: ¼: 1&4: Scotland; 2 ¼: France and England; 3. Ireland. And in nombril point Nassau: Azure, strewn with billets a lion rampant Or Crown: A royal crown of three square crosses and two fleurs de lis closed with four hoops |
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|
James
VIII |
*10.06.1688-†01.01.1766 Pretender 1701-1766 |
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James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales (the Chevalier de St George, "The King Over the Water", "The Old Pretender" or "The Old Chevalier"; 10 June 1688 – 1 January 1766) was the son of James II of England (James VII of Scotland). As such, he claimed the English, Scottish and Irish thrones (as James III of England and Ireland and James VIII of Scotland) from the death of his father in 1701, when he was recognised as king of England, Scotland and Ireland by his cousin Louis XIV of France.
Arms: ¼: 1&4: Scotland; 2 ¼: France and England; 3. Ireland. And in nombril point Nassau: Azure, strewn with billets a lion rampant Or Crown: A royal crown of three square crosses and two fleurs de lis closed with four hoops |
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Anne |
1702-1707 |
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Great Britain |
1707-1801 |
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Anne |
1707-1714 |
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Royal arms of Great Britain The political
union of Scotland and England by Treaty of Union as the Kingdom of Great Britain, came into
force on 1 May 1707. Article 1 of
the Treaty states "That the Two Kingdoms of Scotland and England, shall
upon the 1st May next ensuing the date hereof, and forever after, be United
into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain." As a
consequence the Kingdom of Scotland ceased to exist. The English and Scottish
parliaments were replaced by a combined Parliament of Great Britain, but it
sat in Westminster and largely continued English traditions without
interruption. Forty-five Scots were added to the 513 members of the House
of Commons and 16 Scots to the 190 members of the House
of Lords. It was also a full economic union, replacing the Scottish
systems of currency, taxation and laws regulating trade. In spite of
the fact that no political entity named Scotland did exist after the treaty
any more, its heraldic emblem nevertheless remained in use as a quarter in
the royal arms and the royal achievement of Great Britain. |
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House of Hanover |
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George
I |
1714-1727 |
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Book stamp of Edinburgh Library In the
arms on this book stamp preference is given to the arms of Scotland over the
arms of England in the first quarter. In the fourth quarter the arms of
Scotland replace the arms of Brunswick and the arms of Brunswick the arms of
Luneburg (!). |
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George
II |
1727-1760 |
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George III |
1760-1801 |
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Probably
because of the unrest caused by Bonnie Prince Charles and the subsequent
defeat of the Scots at Culloden the Scotch version of the royal arms seems to
have been abandoned. |
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Great
Britain and Ireland |
1801-1922 |
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After
the Act of Union creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in
1801, the royal coat of arms of Scotland was restored. Also a royal achievement
of Great Britain for use in Scotland was created. |
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George III |
King of Great
Britain and Ireland 1801-1820 |
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Book stamp of Edinburgh Library The
escutcheon with a ducal crown
Book stamp of Edinburgh Library The
escutcheon with a royal crown |
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George
IV |
1820-1830 |
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William
IV |
1830-1837 |
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Victoria |
1837-1901 |
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Edward
VII |
1901-1910 |
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House of Saxony-Coburg and Gotha / Windsor (1917) |
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George V |
1910-1922 |
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United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
1922-present |
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George
V |
1922-1936 |
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Edward
VIII |
1936 |
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George
VI |
1936-1952 |
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Elizabeth
II |
1952-present
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The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom for Scotland |
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The State |
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© Hubert de
Vries 2015-01-26
Heraldry of the World