KARNATAKA
ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ
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The Kingdom
of Mysore (1399–1947 AD) was traditionally believed to have been founded
in 1399 in the vicinity of the modern city of Mysore. The kingdom, which was
ruled by the Wodeyar family, initially was a vassal state of the Vijayanagara
Empire. With the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire (c.1565), the kingdom
became independent. The 17th century saw a steady expansion of its territory
and, under Narasaraja Wodeyar I (1638-’59) and Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar
(1673-1704), the kingdom annexed large expanses of what is now southern
Karnataka and parts of Tamil Nadu to become a powerful state in the southern
Deccan. The kingdom
reached the height of its military power and dominion in the latter half of
the 18th century under the de facto ruler Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan.
During this time, it came into conflict with the Marathas, the British and
the Nizam of Hyderabad which culminated in the four Anglo-Mysore wars.
Success in the first two Anglo-Mysore wars was followed by defeat in the
third and fourth. Following Tipu's death in the fourth war of 1799, large
parts of his kingdom were annexed by British, which signalled the end of a
period of Mysorean hegemony over southern Deccan. The British, however,
restored the Wodeyars to their throne by way of a subsidiary alliance and a
diminished Mysore was now transformed into a Princely state. The Wodeyars
continued to rule the state until Indian independence in 1947, when Mysore
acceded to the Union of India. Karnataka is since 1973 the new name for the State
of Mysore, founded in 1956 by the State Reorganisation Act. This state
consisted of the former Kingdom of Mysore, the British Indian province of
Coorg, a part of Madras and the southern districts of Bombay, and the
principalities of Jamkhandi, Mudhol and Sandur. |
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The achievement
of Karnataka is derived from the achievement of the Kingdom of Mysore. |
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Chikkadevaraja |
1673-1704 |
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1673
- 1704 Rajadhiraja Paramaswara Sri Virapratapa, Birud-antemdara-ganda, Dharani
Varaha, Nanamakuta Mandalikara Ganda, Muru-manneya-ganda,
Para-raya-bhayankara, Hindu-raya-suratrana, Apratima-vira, Raja Jagadev,
Maharaja Sri Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar, Maharaja of Mysore. Granted the title of Raja Jagadev and recognised as ruler of the
Carnatic by Emperor Aurangzeb, 1700. Photograph of early miniature painting of Chikka Devaraja,
ruler of Mysore from 1673 to 1704. From C. Hyavadana Rao's History of
Mysore, Government Printing Press, Bangalore, India, 1943. However, soon
after 1687, the Mughals under Aurangzeb (1658-1707) invaded the region and,
having conquered the Maratha-Bijapur province of Carnatic-Bijapur-Balaghat
(of which Bangalore was a part), made it a part of the Mughal province of Sira.
The payment for Bangalore was consequently made to Qasim Khan, the Mughal Faujdar
Diwan of Sira and through him Chikka Devaraja "assiduously
cultivated an alliance" with Aurangzeb. He also soon turned his
attention to the regions to his south which were less the objects of Moghul
interest. The regions around Baramahal and Salem below the Eastern Ghats were
now annexed to Mysore, and in 1694 were extended by the addition of regions
to the west up to the Baba Budan mountains. Two years later Chikka Devaraja
attacked the lands of the Naik of Madura and laid a siege of Trichinopoly.
Soon, however, Qasim Khan, his Mughal liaison, died. With the intention of
either renewing his Mughal connections or seeking Mughal recognition of his
southern conquests, Chikka Devaraja sent an embassy to Aurangzeb,
at Ahmad-nagar. In response, in
1700, the Mughal emperor sent the Mysore Raja a signet ring Seal
"bearing the title Jug Deo Raj" (literally, "lord and king of
the world" = Raja Jagadev), and permission to sit on an ivory throne,
and also a Sword from Aurangzeb's personal Regalia, the Pattada Katti, a
Firangi
(sword), with Gold Etching on the Hilt, to be used as a Sword of State by
the Mysore Raja, while seated on the Ivory Throne.” Chikka Devaraja
at this time also reorganized his administration into eighteen departments,
in “imitation of what the envoys had seen at the Mughal court.” When the Raja
died on November 16, 1704, his dominions extended from Midagesi
in the north to Palni and Anaimalai
in the south, and from Kodagu and Balam in the west to Baramahals in the east. |
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1724-1766 1724–‘32 / 1734-‘66 |
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Haidar Ali |
1759-1782 |
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The family
came to prominence under Tipu's father, Hyder 'Ali, an illiterate soldier of
fortune who entered the service of the Hindu Raja of Mysore. A military
genius, he rose to high commands under his masters, and for his efforts
received extensive lands, honours and offices. Through guile and intrigue, he
established control over the whole administration of the state, effectively
seizing power in 1761 through appointment to the office of Sarvadhikari. He
increased his powers further when the old Maharaja died, leaving three minor
sons. The eldest of these succeeded under a regency headed by Hyder, who
poisoned of his charge four years later, just before the regency was due to
end. His younger brother followed, only to suffer the same fate. A third
regency followed when a young scion of the family succeeded through adoption
by the mother of the recently two deceased, childless princes. |
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Tipu Sultan |
1782-1799 |
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Tipu Sultan succeeded his father as Savadhikari
in 1782. No less of a military genius and tactician, Tipu had already gained
fame under his father and received exalted presents and honours from the
Nizam of Hyderabad. Brought up in princely style, he saw himself as a great
ruler and world conqueror. His administration set about eradicating Hindu
influence throughout the region, traditional rulers were deposed,
dispossessed or murdered and their territories seized, place names changed to
Islamic derivatives, Muslim laws declared paramount, conversions
"encouraged", a new calendar invented. Seing no use in continuing
the charade of a regency, he deposed the Maharaja in 1786, assumed complete
power and renamed his state Khudadad. Within a year, he had thrown off any
semblance of allegiance to the Mughal Emperor, substituted his own name at
Friday prayers, and proclaimed himself Padshah, declaring that the Emperor
was now a prisoner of Scindia and a mere cipher.
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Sun |
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In the time of Tipu Sahib a sun radiant occurs which can
be considered to be the symbol of the realm of Mysore. We have examples of such a such
radiant on documents where it is defaced with the tughra of Tipu
Sahib. Also he bore a sun radiant on his shield and on his standard. The sun-symbol is also known from the Mughal empire,
Rajastan (Mewar) and the Maratha empire. Sometimes it is charged with the
head of a Hindu-god which in the exmple below is replaced by the tughra of
the god of the Muslims. Also, the sun, be it radiant or not, is an almost
universal symbol of a realm, its origins reaching back to the ancient
Mesopotamian empires. Letterhead of
Tipu Sultan with sun radiant Letter of 5 Aug 1791 from Tipu Sultan to the Shringeri Jagadguru Obverse: Tipu’s insignia – blazing Sun with
Tiger stripe rays and ‘Bismillah’ calligraphy inside. “In the name of
Allah” Tipu Sahib on
horseback with sun-screen and umbrella, 1780 Pollilur
Mural. Museum Islamic Art, Doha, Qatar Such sun-screens are also known from
other Indian princely states. Here the screen is almond shaped with a sun
radiant on a blue field surrounded by
the tiger stripes of Tipu. Below is a red folded cloth hanging down. Shield of Tipu
Sahib with sun radiant and floral motivs [1] Coin of Tipu
Sahib with elephant and sun-flag Flag: A sun radiant in the centre, with [green] tiger stripes [on a red field]. |
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Peacock |
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The beast
symbolizing the rank of sultan of Tipu was a peacock, called a hûmah
in Mysore. It was on the top of his throne Royal Bird
(hûmah) from Tipu Sultan’s throne. Indian (Mysore) 1787-91
Presented to George III [2] The
throne was described by Thomas Marriot lieutenant and aide the camp of
Commander in Chief Wiliiam George Harris
at Seringapatam. About the bird is noted: On the top of the canopy is the figure of a Bird representing the
fabulous oriental Bird of Royalty called the Hûmah: it consists almost
entirely of diamonds, rubies & emeralds. The Gold in which they are set
being imperceptible except behind the Tail. In fact
Tipu’s throne is a peacock throne and inspired by the Mughal peacock throne
on which, however, there were four peacocks. The peacock is an ancient emblem
of the ruler, which has developed to a simurg in persian culture and
to a feng (phoenix) in chinese culture. The peacock (pavo) was
also known in ancient Rome where it was the symbol of a prefect. In this case
the hûmah is the symbol of dignity of a sultan (of Mysore). The
peacock was also the symbol of later ruling Wodeyars of Mysore and was
also placed on top of the umbrellas of their thrones. The defeat and death of Tipu, Sultan of Mysore, and the sack of his citadel of Seringapatam in 1799 put an end to more than a decade of conflict in southern India, and pre-empted a possible military alliance between Tipu and Napoleon Bonaparte. In the heat of the action the Sultan’s magnificent treasury and library were ransacked by the British forces, and the gold coverings of his throne were cut up into small pieces for distribution as prizes. More Tipu Sultan’s peacock’s saddle State Hermitage Museum, St.
Petersburg |
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Tiger |
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The
symbol of the military rank of Tipu was a tiger which brought him the
nickname ‘Tiger of Mysore’. Likely the tiger was not meant to be the symbol
of the highest military rank in Mysore
which seems to have been a lion. That beast however, has to be
associated with the 19th century wodeyars, thus styling themselves
‘supreme commander’. Indeed, in chinese military hiërarchy a tiger (hu)
is the badge of the fourth military rank after the qilin, the lion (shizi)
and the leopard (bao). [3] A similiar system of badges of rank had
existed in Sassanian Persia. [4] Tipu's
adoption of the tiger motif as a personal emblem took several forms. The most
obvious examples include the distinctive stylised tiger stripe, commonly
referred to as babri, from babr, (meaning 'tiger'); and the
decorative tiger head. Examples of the babri motif can still be seen
on the inner walls of the Gumbaz mausoleum where there is a complete
adornment of the yellow walls with red stripes. Tiger on Tipus
swordblade [5] The tiger
head, on the other hand, is represented in two separate calligraphic
representations. The first monogram or cypher is a square design, known as tughra
where the seal made up of the name 'Tipu Sultan' in the shape of a tiger's
head. The
second example (shown here) is far more ornate and is based upon a style of
Arabic calligraphy known as khatt mukabil or khatt ma-kus,
meaning a line inverted or reverted. In this case, the monogram of Tipu is
the calligraphic merging of the two words Bismillah, and Muhammed.
'Bismillah' is the name of Allah and is derived from the invocatory verse in
the Quran: Bismillah-ir-Rahman-nir-Rahim ('In the name of Allah, the
Beneficent, the Merciful'); while the name of the Prophet Muhammed is written
in the khatt mukabil style of calligraphy. To the untrained eye the
words are not readily apparent being overlaid with calligraphic curves,
scrolls, decorative lines, ascenders and descenders. The calligraphic tiger
motif also includes the epithet asad allah ul-ghalib (the victorious
lion of God); and examples of its use can be found on a banner of Tipu
Sultan, as well as on some of his military arms and armaments. |
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https://toshkhana.wordpress.com/page/4/ Tiger’s head from Tipu’s throne Tipu’s sword with tiger hilt |
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Lion |
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Yaar
Mohammad - Tipu's Lion Yaar
Mohammad was born in 18th century, in a Muslim Rajput family to Shah Noor Mohammad.
He joined the Army of Mysore and soon became one of the favorite generals of
Tippu Sultan. Seeing his patriotic and dauntless behavior, Tippu Sultan made
him his Commander-in-Chief. He fought dauntlessly in the Battle of
Seringapatam (1799), but after Tipu's death, and later the fall of Mysore, he
had to run away. However, he managed to evade capture by the British. After
the fall of Mysore, he was declared one of the most wanted Mysore officers.
They tried their best to capture him, dead or alive, but couldn’t succeed.
General Yaar Mohammad's family members and relatives were killed by the
British, however, he, along with his father Shah Noor Mohammad and son Ilahi
Baksh, escaped. They spent the rest of their lives as fugitives. General Yaar
Mohammad died in early 19th century. His descendants still live in Punjab
today. |
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Elephant |
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In Mysore
the elephant is celebrated at the Dasara festival when the idol of Chamundeshwari, the patron goddes of Mysore, placed on a
golden mantapa is carried in procession on
the top of a decorated elephant. Also the elephant was the mount of the ruler
and a symbol of royal splendor and not only in Mysore. As the elephant is on
its coins, it may have been an emblem symbolizing the state of Mysore, being
the vehicle of the ruler, or of the head of state. In the time of Tipu Sultan
and his immediate successors the acting head of state was Dewan Purnaiah, in office from 1782-1812. Tippu Sultan
riding an elephant at the battle of Pollilur.
1780 Pollilur
Mural. Museum Islamic Art, Doha, Qatar |
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1799-1949 |
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Mummadi Krishnaraja Dewan
Purnaiya |
1799-1831/1868 Regent
1799-1810 |
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After
Tipu's defeat and death in 1799, the Princely State of Mysore was created by the
East India Company and was restored to the Wodeyar dynasty. Other conquered
lands returned to the Rajas of Travancore, Coorg, and Cochin, while still
other territories were annexed by the HEIC. Tipu’s family were removed to
Vallore, where they were restricted to the town and surrounding countryside,
but otherwise allowed to move freely. A mutiny by the garrison troops of the
Madras army resulted in the proclamation of Fath Hyder Sultan, as Raja in
1806. There were reports that Fath Hyder's younger brother, Muiz ud-din, was
implicated in the rebellion but this was later proved to be innaccurate. In
any event, this prompted the government to remove most of the family to the
safety of Calcutta. There, they received pensions, several mansions and some
lands, but lived as important nobles, not as ruling princes. |
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Mysore coins1799-1810 |
Mysore coins
1799-1868 |
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The lion is the symbol of the commander-in-chief and the elephant (= vehicle of the ruler) of the chief minister (Sarvadhikari) A Prince of the
House of Mysore, His Horse and Attendants Mysore, South India, circa
1850 A.D. Watercolour on gesso on
panel 46 by 38 cm., framed On the right a sun-screen
within a crescent of fringes. This screen may be the continuation of the
sun-screen of Tipu Sultan. Such screens were quite common for the Indian
royalty. Mysore
crown, 18th century Coll. Maharaja of Mysore As there is no portrait of any ruler or regent of Mysore we may safely accept that such a crown was worn by the Goddess Chamundeshwari during the yearly Dasara-procession in Mysore. Most intersting of this crown is the achievement consisting of a full moon surrounded by stars and supported by two lions sejant affronté. This may have been meant to be the achievement of Mysore and, because such an achievement is typically British, may date from the time of British rule. However, this achievement was abandoned when the British goverment granted an achievement to Mysore at the Durbar in Delhi in 1877. Mysore
Achievement on crown In this achievement the moon may be the symbol of the
state, the stars the symbols of the Asofis
(provinces) and
the lions the symbols of the commander in chief. This achievement is not
known from any other source. á In the time of Tipu Sultan there were 37 Asofis, the number of which may have
been reduced to the 30 as counted in the achievement after the loss of
certain parts of the Kingdom in 1799. Æ See: Administration
of the Kingdom of Mysore |
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Direct
British Rule |
1831-1881 |
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Queen Victoria Royal Achievement Preserved by
Indira Ghandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Mysore Mysore coin with lion, 1834 After
1833 the coins of 20, 25 and 40 Cash
with an elephant disappear. |
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Chamarajendra Wodiyar X |
1868/’81-1894 |
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At the occasion of the Durbar of Delhi in 1877 an
achievement british style was designed by Robert Taylor, Master of Arts, a
graduate from Cambridge University and an employee of the Bengal Civil
Service. [6] It was as follows: Arms: Murray, a ghandaberunda
displayed Argent billed and armed Or. Crest: On a helmet affrontée
lambrequined Murray and Argent a lion passant carrying an antelope’s head all
proper. Supporters: Satvas
(yali) Sable trapped armed and unguled Or. Motto: sTymevae¿ raYyh' (Satyame
woddharamyham, I maintain the truth) (T.
57) |
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Apparently
Taylor was inspired here by a relief in the 17th century Keladi temple
representing a ghandaberunda ‘supported’ by lions and elephants, which
has to be associated with the rulers from the Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646), the predecessor of the
kingdom of Mysore. Ghandaberunda
with lions and elephants Keladi
Temple from the time of Shivappa Nayaka (reigned 1645–1660) (Karn.). In his
design Taylor combined the lions and elephants to gajasimha’s or
elephant-lions, indian mythical beasts. At the same time the elephants and
the lions on the Mysore coins from the beginning of the 19th century were
thus represented. |
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Gandhaberunda |
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Æ See: Two-headed Eagle in India The enormous power of the Gandhaberunda made him suitable to be a symbol of royal power. His name for that reason occurs in the title of many rulers in Karnataka. “Historian Prof. P. V. Nanjaraje Urs, who has done a wide research on the Mysore State, tells that the Gandaberunda was first used as a sign on coins in Vijayanagar mints, many coins of which still exist. Since then, the tradition passed on to generations. In mid 16th century, history has it that Yaduraya embarked on a Vijaya Yathra across the Mysore State to consolidate their rank. During the Yathra, an ascetic encountered and gave him a red cloth. The King offered pooja to it and accepted it as a blessing. He won all acclaim thereafter.” Mysore
Crown, after 1877 Coll. Maharaja of Mysore When a new achievement was granted to Chamarajendra Wodiyar X a new Dasara
procession-crown was probably made, abandoning the old one, now showing the Gandhaberunda royal
emblem. The royal emblem was also
displayed at other occasions. |
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Å Royal Banner
and shield with achievement after 1881 Amba
Vilas Museum, Mysore. Displayed at the parade for the royal anniversary
1895 Perfume bottle (H. 20 cm.) Coll. Maharaja of Mysore Containing the perfume used for bathing the hands and wrists of the Wodeyar at religious ceremonies and weddings. |
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Gajasimha |
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A Gajasimha is a hybrid of a lion with an elephant’s head. Gajasimhas at a
temple entrance |
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Unfortunately, there is not much
information regarding this hybrid creature, except for its numerous
sculptural and painted depictions, mostly found in the temples of South East
Asia and South India. Å Throne Leg with an
Elephant-Headed Lion (Gajasimha Vyala) Artist/maker: unknown, Indian Geography: Made in Odisha, Orissa, India. Date: c. Mid- 13th century Medium: Ivory Dimensions: 34 cm Circumference: (41.3 cm) Base: 13.7 × 14.3 × 12.7 cm Philadelphia Museum of Art; Curatorial Department: South Asian Art * Gallery 48, Modern and Contemporary
Art, ground floor Accession Number: 1960-96-1 Credit Line: Gift of Mrs. John B. Stetson, Jr., 1960 |
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Krishnaraja IV |
1895-1940 |
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Arms: Murray, a ghandaberunda
displayed Argent billed and armed Or. Crest: On a helmet affrontée lambrequined
Murray and Argent a lion passant carrying an antelope’s head all proper. Supporters: Satvas
(yali) Sable trapped armed and unguled Or. Motto: sTymevae¿ raYyh' (Satyame woddharamyham, I
maintain the truth) Achievement of Mysore on the façade of the royal
palace (1897-1910) Krishnaraja IV Royal Cypher On a letter, 1935 |
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Jaya Chamarajendra Wodiyar |
1940-1947 Governor 1947- |
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Signed the instrument of accession 9th August and
acceded under certain conditions to the Dominion of India, 15th August 1947.
Executed an agreement of merger with India, 23rd January 1950. Installed as Rajpramukh
of the State of Mysore 26th January 1950, and continued in that office until
31st October 1956. Governor of Mysore 1st November 1956 to 3rd May 1964. Embroidered Achievement on the throne of 1940 Arms: Murray, a ghandaberunda
displayed Argent billed and armed Or. Crest: On a helmet affrontée
lambrequined Murray and Argent a lion passant carrying an antelope’s head all
proper. Supporters: Satvas
(yali) Sable trapped armed and unguled Or. Motto: sTymevae¿ raYyh'm (Satyame woddharamyham, I
maintain the truth) |
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1947-1973 |
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Arms: Murray, a ghandaberunda
displayed Argent billed and armed Or. Crest: The state emblem of
India Supporters: Satvas
(yali) Sable trapped armed and unguled Or. Motto: sTymevae¿ raYyh'm (Satyame woddharamyham, I
maintain the truth) After the State Reorganisation Act of 1956 the motto
was changed into sTymev jyte (Satyameva Jayate) Achievement of Mysore/Karnataka
On the Vidhana Soudhana
Parliament House in Bangalre, completed 1956 Nowadays the sculpture is
polychromized and the motto added |
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1973-present |
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Æ See illustration in the head of this
essay Seal |
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Cap Badge |
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© Hubert de Vries 2016-11-09
[1] From: Tipu Sultan with his royal mistress, Delhi,
circa 1850 gouache with gold on paper, inscriptions of identification above,
green borders decorated with gilt scrolls, reverse with later inscriptions of
identification and ownership painting: 24.8 by 34cm.leaf: 36.5 by 48cm. Sotheby's London, 27 April 1994, lot 134.
[2] 2009-03-04 A gem-encrusted gold finial from the
octagonal golden throne of Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore, will be sold at
Bonhams New Bond Street on 2nd April. This is one of the most important Tipu
items ever to appear for sale. It had lain in an English castle, for at least
100 years and then in a bank vault, unknown to Tipu enthusiasts and scholars.
It was discovered by Bonhams Islamic Department on a routine valuation.
[3] I am waiting for a study about the Indian badges of military rank.
[4] That is to say ibex, lion, leopard, tiger,
bear (?) &c.
[5] Picture Licensed
by the Trustees of the British Museum © Copyright The British Museum Resource
Rights Holder: British Museum, London, Department of Oriental Antiquities:
1878.1101.450
[6] See Pine, L.G.: International Heraldry. David and
Charles Newton Abbot. 1970. Pp. 205-215