CANADA
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PROVINCES |
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Present Canada
was claimed by Jacques Cartier for the french crown in 1534 but was not
colonized in the beginning. By Treaty of Crépy en Laonnois of September 1544
Francis I gave the first establishments to Charles V of Spain. In 1604
thesewere taken back. After the foundation of Quebec the colony was elevated
to a Viceroyalty. In this viceroyalty the Company of New France or the
Company of the Hundred Associates received the trade monopoly but the Company
was not a success. At the insistence of the population New France received
its own government in 1663. From 1664 the French West India Company was
active but the company was discontinued in 1674. The
territory was divided into colonies, each with its own administration:
Canada, Acadia,
Newfound-land (Plaisance), and Louisiana. The Treaty
of Utrecht (1713) resulted in the relinquishing of French claims to mainland
Acadia, the Hudson Bay and Newfoundland, and the establishment of the colony
of Île Royale, now called Cape Breton Island, where the French built the
Fortress of Louisbourg. After
1674 the new French West India Company received the trade monopoly in all New
France but after the victory of Wolfe at the Battle of Quebec in 1759 Quebec
came to England at the Peace of Paris in 1763. At the same time the French
territories west of the Mississippi came to Spain, thus ending the activities
of the French West India Company. Under English
rule New France became Quebec Province which was divided into Lower and Upper
Canada in 1790 and united again in 1840. In 1867
the British North America Act was passed by the British Government. This
established the Dominion of Canada and included Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia
and New Brunswick. In the following half a century ever more territories were
added to this dominion ending in the present thirteen provinces and
territories with the creation of Nunavut in 1999. |
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1534-1763 |
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French Rule 1534-1544 |
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House of Valois |
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Francis I |
1534-1544 |
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It was the custom to plant a monument to lay
claim on territories discovered. This was done for example by the Portuese by
erecting the so-called padrãos, stone colums engraved with the royal
arms. The french did similarly, the monument consisting of a cross or column
with the royal arms of France. |
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Photo H.d.V.
09.2000. Wooden
cross with the arms of France Monument in
Tadoussac (QU, Canada). On the tablet: is written à
jacques cartier, découvreur du royaume de saguenay.
1535 • 1935. toujours fidèle. |
Column erected by Jean Ribaud, 1562 in Florida near present St Augustine On the column are the royal arms of France |
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Jacques Cartier planted at least five crosses
during his voyages in 1534 and 1535-36, the best known instances being on the
Gaspé coast on 24 July 1534 and at Stadacona (Quebec) on 3 May 1536. Both
ceremonies mention a cross bearing a shield of the royal arms of France which
was blue with three gold fleurs-de-lis. The Gaspé ceremony is described as
follows: “On [Friday] the twenty-fourth of
the said month [of July], we had a cross made thirty feet high, which was put
together in the presence of a number of the Indians on the point at the
entrance to this harbour, under the cross-bar of which we fixed a shield with
three fleurs-de-lys in relief, and above it a wooden board, engraved in large
Gothic characters, where was written, LONG LIVE THE KING OF
FRANCE.” After wintering at Stadacona (Quebec) in
1536, Cartier planted a similar cross: “On [Wednesday¨] May 3, which was
the festival of the Holy Cross, the Captain in celebration of this solemn
feast, had a beautiful cross erected some thirty-five feet high, under the
cross-bar of which was attached an escutcheon, embossed with the arms of
France, whereon was printed in Roman characters: LONG LIVE FRANCIS
I. BY GOD’S GRACE KING OF FRANCE.” In a less formal fashion, Cartier planted a
number of other crosses which as it seems were intended as beacons or
landmarks. |
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Spanish Rule by Treaty of Crépy en
Laonnois 1544 |
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No landmarks
claiming territories in North America by the Spaniards have been preserved
whatsoever. The French in the meantime continued exploring the region and
claiming land for the King of France. |
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House of Habsburg |
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Charles V |
1544-1555 |
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Philip II |
1555-1598 |
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In 1583
Étienne Bellenger took possession of the area around the Bay of Fundy
(between New Brunswick and Newfoundland) by attaching the arms of Cardinal
Charles de Bourbon to a tall tree, which possibly were discovered by
Champlain in 1607. Arms of Cardinal Charles de Bourbon (*1562-†’94) Source: Recueil de tous les chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint
Esprit, par le sr de VALLES, 1631, ms.fr. 2769, Bibliothèque Nationale de
France (gallica.bnf.fr) |
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Philip III |
1598-1608 |
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An attempt at French colonization in North America
was carried out on Sainte-Croix Island in 1604 by Pierre Du Gua de Monts who
had been granted trade and settlement privilege by the king. The island not
being large enough to sustain a permanent settlement, François Gravé, Sieur
du Pont, the deputy of de Monts, and Samuel de Champlain moved the settlement
to Port-Royal in 1605. This new settlement was the scene of an important
heraldic event. On the 14 November 1606, Champlain and Jean de Biencourt de
Poutrincourt, lieutenant-governor of Acadia, returned from a voyage of
exploration which had brought them down to Cape Cod. To celebrate their
return, a play called Le Théâtre de Neptune (The Theatre of Neptune) was
staged in Annapolis Basin in front of the habitation at Port Royal. Above the
gate, were installed the royal arms of France enclosed with a wreath of
laurel. With the arms was the motto Duo protegit unus (One protects
two), which may refer to the king protecting both France and Navarre.
Underneath were the arms of de Monts with the inscription: Dabit Deus his
quoque finem (God shall also give an end to these toils) from the Aeneid,
book I.1.199. On the opposite side, the arms of de Poutrincourt were
accompanied by the inscription Invia virtuti nulla est via (To valour
no path is impassible) from Ovid, 14 Meiam 113. The event is described by
Marc Lescarbot in his ‘Histoire de la Nouvelle-France’ (Paris: Jean Millot,
1609.) [1] Royal arms in Port Royal, Nova Scotia Crowned arms of France and Navarra Below the arms of Dua de Gua de Monts (left) and of Poutrincourt
(right) |
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French
Rule 1608 -1763 |
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House of Bourbon |
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Henri IV |
1608-1610 |
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Henri IV bore an alliance of France and Navarra,
crowned and surrounded by the collars of the Order of St Michael and of the
Holy Spirit but no specimen is known from Nouvelle France. Arms of Henry IV From: Marc Lescarbot,
Histoire de la Nouvelle-France, Paris: Jean Millot, 1609. In the summer of 1608, Samuel de Champlain, a
capable explorer and geographer, at the time a lieutenant of Pierre du Gua de
Monts, began a new settlement at Quebec. As Cartier had done before him, he
planted a number of crosses on his route. Some of them bore the royal arms of
France, for instance, one on an island of Lac des Chats (Quebec), which he
named Sainte-Croix Island, and one made of white cedar on the shore of Lac
aux Allumettes (Province of Quebec). Champlain admonished the Amerindians to
take good care of the crosses, some serving to mark his exploration route,
others being more formal witnesses of his claim to the territory. |
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Louis XIII |
1610-1643 |
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Arms of Louis XIII On a map of Samuel de Champlain: Carte Géographique de la Nouvelle Franse
... 1612 On 3
June, 1620, Jean Dobleau, superior of the Recollets, placed the first stone
of their church, Notre-Dame-des-Anges, on which were engraved the arms of
France and those of Henri de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, who had just been
replaced as Viceroy of New France. The practice of placing the arms of
dignitaries on cornerstones of important buildings seemed habitual. On 6 May
1624, Champlain placed a stone in the foundation of his
second habitation on which were engraved the arms of the king,
those of Henry II, Duc of Montmorency, Viceroy of New France, as well as his
own name and the date of the event. The presence of Champlain’s name only
seems a good indication that he did not possess arms, and no arms were ever
uncovered for him. |
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Louis XIV |
1643-1715 |
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In 1663
Jean Baptiste Colbert, the main confidant of Louis XIV after the death of
Mazarin in 1661, informed about the bad results of the Company of New France,
determined to make New France a royal province. The office of Viceroy of
Nouvelle France was abolished. Then followed a comprehensive decree
establishing for the colony a direct royal government consisting of a
Sovereign Council made up of a governor, an intendant, the head of the church
in New France ex officio, and some appointed councillors. [2] This new body and these officers
were to have full administrative and judicial powers, subject only to the
authority of the royal government at home. 1 This
administrative structure functioned until the fall of New France in 1760. The
last gathering of the Supreme Council took place on 28 April 1760, the day of
the Battle of Sainte-Foy. The arms
of France were on the reverse of coins widely circulated in New France,
for instance: the écu which came in various denominations some of
which continued to circulate after 1763, the douzain which was given a
rating of 20 deniers when it appeared in the colony in 1662, the ½
and double sol shipped in large amounts to New France in
1720, as well as gold and silver Louis and the 5-sol and
15-sol pieces coined specifically for the North American colonies. Although
it is not known to what extent some coins circulated in New France, and in
spite of the fact, that there was a chronic shortage of metallic money, coins
probably remained the most important vehicle whereby the public came into
contact with the sovereign’s shield: écu in French, the name given
to one of the coins. On the Kebeca Liberata (Quebec delivered)
medal struck to celebrate Count Frontenac’s victory over Admiral William
Phips’ fleet before Quebec City in 1690, France is represented by a feminine
allegorical figure, her left arm resting on a shield of the arms of France. Kebeca Liberata
Medal, 1690 Officers’
gorgets were sometimes decorated in the centre with the coat of arms of
France applied as a silver plate. (See below, 1750) The royal
arms appeared on the seal of New France’s Conseil souverain, later named
Conseil supérieur. (see below, 1742) The arms of French sovereigns were also
found on a number of maps relating to North America to signify sovereignty over
these territories. Royal Arms of
France On a map of “Canada ou Nouvelle France” by Jean Baptiste Louis Franquelin, 1688 During the reign of Louis XIV some more
landclaims were made by erecting monuments charged with the royal arms. We
may not be sure however if these arms were the royal arms (as suggested here)
with both collars or just the arms of France. 1663 –
The missionary Guillaume Couture plants a cross bearing the arms of the king
in lower James Bay (between Quebec and Ontario). 1666 – Daniel
Rémy de Courcelle plants a large cross and a post bearing the royal arms of
France to claim Mohawk lands for Louis XIV. In a
report dated 10 October 1670, Jean Talon, intendant of New France (1665-’72)
stated that he had requested everyone who claimed new land to display the
royal arms of France and to prepare a written record of the claim, which
would eventually serve to inform the sovereign. Many land claiming ceremonies
took place at the time of New France, but it is not always well recorded whether
the arms of France were displayed or not. It is likely that the explorer, in
many instances, did not have a durable material such as copper or lead on
which to engrave the arms. The following are additional instances of land
claiming ceremonies that involve the display of the royal arms of France.
They are gleaned from the Dictionary of Canadian Biography on
line unless otherwise specified. In June 1671, Simon-François Daumont de
Saint-Lusson gathered together fourteen First Nations tribes that had come
from 100 leagues (some 400 kilometers) around the Jesuit mission at
Sault-Ste-Marie. (Ontario, Lake Erie)
The interpreter, Nicolas Perrot, read a document in the native language
claiming all the territories so far discovered and those to be discovered in
the name of the King of France. A cross was raised, and beside it, a cedar
post bearing the royal arms. 1672 –
Father Albanel buries a copper plate engraved with the royal arms at the foot
of a large tree at James Bay and proclaims that the surrounding territories
belong to France. On their way back, his companion, Denys de Saint-Simon, as
instructed by Intendant Talon, plants the royal arms at Lake Nemiskau. 1679 –
Daniel Greysolon Dulhut winters at Sault Ste Marie and, in the summer, raises
the arms of France in the land of the Nadouesioux. Similar ceremonies take
place in strategic places of the Upper Great Lakes to serve notice on the
English that these lands are now claimed by Louis XIV 1693 -
Claude-Sébastien de Villieu receives orders to post the king’s arms along a
line separating New-France from New England. |
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Louis XV |
1715-1763 |
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In this
time an attempt was made to introduce an achievement for the Province of
Canada. Achievement
of Nouvelle France On a map ‘La France Occidentale
dans l'Amérique Septentrionale: ou le cours de la
Rivière de St. Laurens’, 1718. [3] The achievement was: Arms: Azure,
strewn with fleurs-de-lis, a sun radiant in chief Or. Crown: Of a governor of a Province of France being of five leaves Argent Supporters:
Indians with their headdress and armed with bows proper The status of this achievement is unknown and it may
never have been officially adopted. Probably it has someting to do with the
regency of Philippe d’Orléans for
Louis XV (1715-‘23). In any case the achievement symbolizes a kind of
indirect rule and replaces the achievement on the royal counterseal of
France. However nothing is known of a regency council (as foreseen for France
by Louis XIV in his will) in Nouvelle
France in that period. There are two examples of the achievement known,
both together with the achievement of the Company of the West, chartered
1717. Arms proposed for
the Royal Province of Canada. Date unknown. National
Archives of Canada A 900. Photo NMC 18251. |
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After the
coronation of Louis XV in 1722 and the ending of the regency in 1723 the
display of the royal arms in the public space was propagated in Nouvelle
France. In a letter
of 29 October 1725, the military engineer, Joseph-Gaspard Chaussegros de
Léry, informed the French Minister of Colonies that the arms of His Majesty
had not been displayed in the colony as was proper. To remedy the situation,
he had a number of them prepared by a sculptor and duly installed above the
principal gates, buildings, forts and public places, namely at Château St.
Louis (residence of the governor), the Palace (residence of the intendant),
the stores, the barracks, Fort Chambly, as well as the guard-houses, prisons,
and courts in Trois-Rivières and Montreal, so that the king’s sovereignty
would be affirmed in his North American possessions. The arms were also
installed in churches and were later removed by the British. Royal Arms of
France, 1727 In the city hall of Quebec.
By the
sculptor Pierre-Noël Levasseur in 1727. The original is preserved in
the Quebec Museum. Royal Arms of
France, 1727 Trophy taken from porte
Saint Louis at Quebec City in 1759. Attributed to Pierre-Noël Levasseur Given to the Royal Naval
College of Portsmouth by Vice-Admiral Charles Saunders. Returned to Canada in
1917. Now held by the Canadian War Museum. Écu for circulation in
Nouvelle France Arms of France
within garland |
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1732 - Joseph-Laurent
Normandin marks the watershed separating the claims of England from those of
France, north of Lake St. Jean, by means of fleurs-de-lis (arms of France?)
placed on trees.
Seal of the Supreme Council of Nouvelle-France. Crowned royal arms surrounded
by the collars of the Order of St Micael and of the Holy Spirit. Legend: NOUVELLE FRANCE. Québec, 19.09.1742. Archives nationales du Canada. MG 18, H18,
negative C – 103324. Seal of the
Supreme/Sovereign Council of Nouvelle France on a document of 29 January
1742. The royal arms are Arms: Azure, three fleurs-de-lis Or Crown:
A royal crown
with five fleurs-de-lis and five hoops Orders:
Of the Holy
Spirit and of St. Michael Legend: NOUVELLE FRANCE Officer's gorget
with the arms of France around 1750, found in Quebec |
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British
Occupation 1759-1763 |
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1763-1791 |
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British Rule by Treaty of Paris, 1763 |
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In the time of
British Rule the royal arms and the royal achievement of the Kings of Great
Britain and Great Britain and Ireland were valid. The royal arms of France
surrounded by the collars of the order of St. Michael and of the Holy Spirit
were replaced by the crowned arms of Great Britain, often surrounded by the
Order of the Garter but these arms were hardly displayed in Canada. The royal achievement was on the reverse of
the Great seals deputed. In 1921 the royal achievement of Great Britain and
Ireland was replaced by the royal achievement for Canada. The arms of
France as used in Nouvelle France were replaced by the territorial arms of
the parts of Canada and later by the arms of the dominion of Canada. |
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House of Hanover |
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George III |
1763-1790 |
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Obverse of the Great Seal Deputed of
Quebec, 1763 BL: Detached Seals XLV.4 an Royal Mint London ©
Crown Seal: George III, crowned, in coronation robes
and wearing the Collar of the Order of the Garter stands on the right hand
side. With a sceptre in his right hand he indicates on the map the location
of the province for which he had recently assumed responsibility. The map
hangs over a stand, shows eastern North America from Newfoundland southwards
to New York. Legend: SIGILLUM
Ÿ PROVINCIAE Ÿ NOSTRAE Ÿ QUEBECENSIS Ÿ IN Ÿ AMERICA (Seal
of Our Province of Quebec in America). In base: EXTENSAE GAUDENT AGNOSCERE METAE (The extended boundaries rejoice to aknowledge
[him]. This seal did
duty until the Constitutional Act of 1790 brought into being Upper and Lower
Canada which began their separate existences on 26 December 1791. |
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Lower and
Upper Canada |
1790-1840 |
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George
III |
1790-1820 |
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George
IV |
1820-1830 |
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William
IV |
1830-1837 |
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Victoria |
1837-1840 |
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Great Seal Deputed of Lower
Canada |
Great Seal Deputed of Upper
Canada |
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1793 |
1792 |
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1817 |
1817 |
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The
Seal of Lower Canada The
seal of Lower Canada was engraved by Thomas
Major. and was complete don 30 April 1793. On it was an Oak Tree with some
branmches cut off a Pruning knife on the ground, a river and ships at Anchor,
at a distnace a Town and Church on a rising hill. Motto:
AB Ÿ IPSO Ÿ DUCIT Ÿ OPES Ÿ ANIMUMQUE Ÿ FERRO (It derives power and courage from
the steel itself (Horace, Odes IV) Legend:
SIGILL { PROV { NOS { CAN { INF { (Seal of Our Province of Lower
Canada) On
the reverse is the royal achievement. On the seals deputed of King George IV
and Queen Victoria both seals were combined on a single sided seal. [4] It
seems likely that the roadstead of Montreal is depeicted with Notre Dame de
Bonsecours (1773) on the shore The
Seal of Upper Canada Upon
the creation of Upper Canada a seal for the province was authorized by royal
warrant dated 28 March 1792. The obverse was described as ‘the Calumet of
Peace with the Anchor and Sword of State encircled by a Crown of Olives’.
Above this is a representation of the royal crown. In the upper right hand
was the Union Jack, on the seal of 1817 replaced by the new Union Jack of
1801 with the St. Patrick’s Cross. Below are two cornucopia in saltire Motto:
IMPERI Ÿ PORRECTA Ÿ MAJESTAS Ÿ CVSTODE Ÿ RERVM Ÿ CAESARE (The greateness of the empire is
extended under the guardianship of the Sovbereign) Legend:
SIGILL { PROV {
NOS { CAN { SUP (Seal of Our province of Upper
Canada). On
the reverse is the royal achievement. On the seals deputed of King George IV
and Queen Victoria both seals were combined on a single sided seal. [5]
Calumet much the same in all American
Tribes |
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1840-1867 |
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Victoria |
1840-1867 |
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Great Seal of the
Province of Canada, following the union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1840. Two
allegorical figures hold the former seals of Upper Canada (right) and of
Lower Canada (left). The arms of Queen Victoria are at the top. Legend: VICTORIA D.G. BRITANIARUM
REGINA FID. DEF { SIGILLUM
PROVINCIAE CANADAE {. [6] |
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Dominion of Canada |
1867-present |
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Victoria |
1867-1901 |
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Ontario
01.07.1867 Quebec
01.07.1867 Nova
Scotia 01.07.1867 New
Brunswick 01.07.1867 |
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In 1867 the British North America Act was passed by the British
Government. This established the Dominion of Canada and included Ontario,
Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. At the Act’s signing it had been
decided that other parts of the country should be included in the Dominion
whenever possible. Shortly after Confederation, a Great Seal was required and a design
was approved by a royal warrant dated May 26, 1868.
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This design displayed, quarterly, the arms of the original four
provinces of the new federation: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick. It was never used as the Great Seal, but was gradually adopted as
the arms of Canada. For a reason unexplained by history, another Great Seal
was adopted for Canada representing Queen Victoria and the throne of her
coronation; this Great Seal is however altered at the beginning of each
reign, so as to show the effigy of the new Sovereign. Ten
dollar coin with the arms of 1868
within a garland of maple branches (1912-’14) |
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+
Manitoba 15.07.1870 +
Northwest Territories 1870 + Yukon
Territory 1898 |
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When a
new province joined its arms were added. Coat of Arms of
the Dominion of Canada after the creation of the Province of
Manitoba in 1870. Arms: ½: 1. 1|2 Ontario & Quebec; 2. 1|3 New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
Manitoba. Crown: St. Edward’s Crown Garland: Composed of branches of maple and oak, and of roses, thistles and
shamrock, on the junction a beaver. The blason of Manitoba in the fifth quarter shows the arms of the
province as on its great seal adopted in 1870 and used until 1903. The arms
were: Vert, a buffalo courant proper and a chief Argent, a cross Gules
charged with a royal crown proper. At the adoption of a new seal in 1903 the
buffalo was made statant and the crown was omitted. In conformity with these
changes the coat of arms of Manitoba was officially adopted by Royal Warrant
of 10th of May 1905. [7] The arms of Northwest
Territories were never added as these were only adopted in 1956 and those for
Yukon Territory only in 1904 |
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+
British Columbia 20.07.1871 + Prince Edward Island
01.07.1873 |
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After 1873 quarters for British Columbia and Prince Edward Island were
added. These seven-quartered arms were used until 1921. Seal
of the Deputy to the Governor General made between 1873 and 1906 [8] 1876-1905 The beavers as supporters
and the motto ‘Canada First’ are merely an unsanctioned freedom 1873 Arms: 1/3: 1. 1|2 Ontario & Quebec; 2. 1|3 New Brunswick,
Nova Scotia, Manitoba; 3. 1|2 British Columbia*), Prince Edward Island. *) The quarter for British Columbia Argent with the badge of British
Columbia: The crown of St. Edwards between the letters B and C and within a
garland of branches of olive. |
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Edward VII |
1901-1910 |
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+
Saskatchewan 01.09.1905 +
Alberta 01.09.1905 |
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At the end
of the 19th century new arms for the provinces were designed by Reverend
Arthur John Beanlands (1857-1917) and by Edward Marion Chadwick, a Toronto
barrister, heraldist and genealogist (1840-1921). A coat of arms of nine
quarters containing these arms appeared (inofficially) at the beginning of
the 20th century. The nine quarter
arms of Canada on an unmarked plate made in Austria or Germany,
c. 1903-05. A. & P. Vachon
Collection, Canadian Museum of History. Arms: 1st row:
Ontario, Québec, Nova Scotia (all granted in 1868); 2nd row
New Brunswick (granted 1868), British Columbia (created by A.J. Beanlands in
1895), Prince Edward Island (created by E.M. Chadwick ca. 1901); 3rd row
Northwest Territories (created by E.M. Chadwick ca. 1901), Yukon (created by
E.M. Chadwick ca. 1903), arms of Manitoba (from its provincial seal, 1870). [9] Somewhat
later the quarters on the arms were
rearranged Coat of Arms of Canada after the accession of
Saskatchewan and Alberta (1908) Arms: 1st row: Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory,
Quebec, 2nd row: Prince Edwards Island, Manitoba,
Saskatchewan 3rd row: Nova Scotia, British Columbia, New
Brunswick. |
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George
V |
1910-1936 |
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The
Achievement of the Dominion of Canada |
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A special committee was mandated by the Governor General in 1919 to
study the question on the arms of Canada. It was composed of:
By proclamation of 21 november 1921 new coat of arms was granted
by King George V. This consists of
quarters for England, Scotland, Ireland and France and a base with three
maple-leaves for Canada.
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Achievement of
the Dominion of Canada as granted by Royal
Warrant of the 21st of November 1921. |
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House of Windsor |
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Edward VIII |
1936 |
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George VI |
1936-1952
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+
Newfoundland & Labrador 31.03.1949 |
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Elizabeth
II |
1952-present |
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+ Nunavut 01.04.1999 |
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Her
Majesty’s full Style and title for Canada is as follows: “Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace
of God of the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen,
Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.” Flag flown at
times when Queen Elizabeth is personally present in Canada |
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Achievement of
the Dominion of Canada, 1957 Originally
green, in 1957 the leaves officially became red, and thus were in accord with
Canada’s national colours, red and white. The present design was approved in 1994 and shows a ribbon behind the
shield with the motto of the Order of Canada. It was drawn by Mrs. Cathy
Bursey-Sabourin, Fraser Herald at the Canadian Heraldic Authority, office of
the Governor General of Canada, and faithfully depicts the arms described in
the words of the Royal Proclamation dated November 21, 1921. This version
replaces a former design drawn by Mr. Alan Beddoe. The ribbon is circular in form and tinctured Gules with the motto desiderantes meliorem patriam (They desire a better
Country) in golden lettering. The Order of Canada was instituted on 17.04.1967. Æ See illustration in
the head of this article |
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Parliament
and Senate |
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Ottawa,
Ontario Confirmation
of the right to bear the shield of the Royal Arms of Canada surmounting the
Maces of the Senate and the House of Commons April 15,2008 Vol. V, p. 276 |
Ottawa,
Ontario Confirmation
of the right to bear the shield of the Royal Arms of Canada surmounting the
Mace of the Senate April 15, 2008 Vol. V, p. 275 |
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Blazon Badge:
The shield of the
Arms of Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada surmounting the Mace of the
Senate and the Mace of the House of Commons in saltire; Symbolism Badge:
This emblem
symbolizes that the Parliament of Canada consists of the Queen, the Senate,
and the House of Commons, represented respectively by the shield of the Royal
Arms of Canada and the mace of each legislative body. |
Blazon Badge:
The shield of the
Arms of Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada surmounting the Mace of the
Senate in pale; Symbolism Badge:The mace, created in 1849, is a
symbol of authority in the Senate, and the shield of the Royal Arms of Canada
represents the Sovereign of Canada, in whose name the Senate conducts its
deliberations. |
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Initially
security intelligence in Canada was the purview of the Royal Canadian
Mounted Police Security Service. However, in the 1970s there were allegations
that the RCMP Security Service had been involved in numerous illegal
activities. As a result of these allegations, in 1977, Justice David
Macdonald was appointed to investigate the activities of RCMP Security
Service. The resulting investigation, known as the MacDonald Commission,
published its final report in 1981, with its main recommendation being that
security intelligence work should be separated from policing, and that a
civilian intelligence agency be created to take over from the RCMP Security
Service. On June
21, 1984, the Canadian Security Inteligence Service (CSIS) was created by
an Act of Parliament. |
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CANADIAN
SECURITY INTELLIGENCE SERVICE |
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Ottawa, Ontario Registration of a Badge January 15, 2007 Vol. V, p. 102 Blazon Badge:
On a square
Argent a maple leaf Gules within a palisade Azure edged Or and insigned by the
Royal Crown proper; Symbolism Badge:
Blue and gold are
the colours of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, which was responsible for
national security intelligence prior to July 16, 1984, when the Service began
operations. The palisade symbolizes the defensive role of the agency against
threats to national security. The Royal Crown represents the protection of
the peace on behalf of the Sovereign. |
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© Hubert de Vries 2015-12-17