I
THE GOLDEN HORDE
|
The Golden Horde (Mongolian: Алтан
Орд, Altan Ordu, Зүчийн
у Züchii-in Uls; Russian: Золотая Орда, tr.Zolotaya Orda; Tatar: Алтын Урда Altın
Urda) was a Mongol and
later Turkicized khanate,
established in the 13th century, which comprised the northwestern sector of
the Mongol Empire. The khanate is also known as the Kipchak
Khanate or as the Ulus of Jochi. After the death of Batu Khan in 1255, the prosperity of his dynasty
lasted for a full century, until 1359, though the intrigues of Nogai did instigate a
partial civil war in the late 1290s. The Horde's military power peaked during
the reign of Uzbeg (1312–41), who adopted Islam. The
territory of the Golden Horde at its peak included most of Eastern Europe
from the Urals to the
bank of the Danube River,
extending east deep into Siberia. In the south, the Golden Horde's lands bordered on
the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, and the
territories of the Mongol dynasty
known as the Ilkhanate. The khanate
experienced violent internal political disorder beginning in 1359, before it
was briefly reunited under Tokhtamysh
in 1381. However, soon after the 1396 invasion of Tamerlane, it broke into smaller Tatar khanates that
declined steadily in power. At the start of the 15th century the Horde began
to fall apart. By 1433 it was being referred to simply as the Great Horde.
Within its territories there emerged numerous, predominantly Turkic-speaking,
khanates. These internal struggles allowed the northern vassal state of Muscovy to rid itself of
the “Tatar Yoke” at the Great stand on the Ugra river in 1480.
The Crimean Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate, the last remnants
of the Golden Horde, persisted until 1783 and 1847, respectively.[1] Headquarters at Batu Sarai (= Palace of
Batu), at first ca. 100 km N. of Astrachan and from the second half of the
13th century until 1395 on the eastern shore of the Wolga facing Tsaritsin
(Volgograd, Stalingrad. Winkler p. 164)) |
|
|
|
|
|
List of Khans of the Golden Horde and Hordes of the Jochid Ulus] Batu Khan (1227–1255) Sartaq (1255–56) Ulaghchi (1257) Berke (1257–1266) Mengu-Timur (1266–1282) Tuda Mengu (1282—1287) Talabuga (1287—1291) Toqta (1291—1312) Uzbeg Khan (1312–1341) Tini Beg (1341–1342) Jani Beg (1342—1357) Berdi Beg (1357—1361) Qulpa (1359–1360) Nawruz Beg (1360–1361) Khidr (1361–1362) Timur Khwaja (1362) Abdallah (1362–1370),
actual ruler was Mamai Murad (1362–1367), actual
ruler was Mamai Aziz (1367–1369), actual
ruler was Mamai Jani Beg II (1369–1370), actual ruler was Mamai Muhammad Bolak (1370–1379),
actual ruler was Mamai Tulun Beg Khanum (as regent)
(1370–1373), actual ruler was Mamai Aig Beg (1373–1376), actual ruler was Mamai Arab Shaykh (1376–1379), actual ruler was Mamai Kagan Beg (1375–1376), actual ruler was Mamai Ilbani (1373–1376), actual ruler was Mamai Hajji Cherkes (1375–1376),
actual ruler was Mamai Urus Khan (1376–1378),
Urus was also Khan of the White Horde and uncle of Toqtamish, allowing the
Hordes to unite. Freky Aziz Reffelruz (1378–1380) Tokhtamysh (1380–1395) Temür Qutlugh (1396–1401),
actual ruler was Edigu Shadi Beg (1399–1407),
actual ruler was Edigu Pulad (1407–1410), actual
ruler was Edigu Temür (1410–1412) Jalal ad-Din khan (1411–1412) Feicüs al-Doste (1413-1414) Jabbar
Berdi (1417–1419) Olugh Mokhammad (1419–1421,
1428–1433) Dawlat Berdi (1419–1421,
1427–1432) Baraq (1422–1427) Seyid Akhmed (1433–1435) Küchük Muhammad (1435–1459) Mahmud (1459–1465) Ahmed (1465–1481) Shayk Ahmad (1481–1498, 1499–1502) Murtada (1498–1499) |
|
|
|
|
|
A tamga or tamgha “stamp, seal” (Mongolian: tamga, Turkish: damga) is an
abstract seal or stamp used by Eurasian nomadic peoples and by cultures influenced
by them. The tamga was normally the emblem of a particular tribe, clan or
family. They were common among the Eurasian nomads throughout Classical
Antiquity and the Middle Ages (including Alans, Mongols, Sarmatians,
Scythians
and Turkic peoples). Similar “tamga-like” symbols were sometimes adopted by sedentary peoples
adjacent to the Pontic-Caspian steppe both in Eastern Europe and Central
Asia. Archaeologists prize tamgas as a first-rate source for the study of
present and extinct cultures. States using tamgas were Krim Khanate, medieval Lithuania,
and also Kievan Rus (Ukraine) Mongol Empire Since the time when the ancient Mongol nations
have developed into clans and banners, a system of various tamgas: drawings, and earmarks have
been used as an identification sign for labor instruments and utilities as
well as for of domesticated animals. Every time a clan branched off due to
internal clashes, derivative tamghas
gradually developed into personal, family, lineage, khans, and state tamghas.
Those new tamghas were created by adding new markings on the original tamgha,
in order to conserve the tradition. "Tamga" or "tamag" literally means a
seal in the Mongolian language. Tamgas are
also on brandmarks for domesticated animals such as horses in present-day
Mongolia and others to identify that the livestock grazing during the day on
their own. In this regard, each family has its own tamga markings for easier
identification. Tamga markings in that case are not very elaborate and are
just curved irons differing from other families' tamgas. [2] The Mongol Golden Horde Khans marked their coins with their personal
tamgas from the beginning of their empire until its breaking up at the end of
the 14th century |
|
|
Jochi |
*1182-†1227 |
|
Jochi (Mongolian:
Зүчи, Zu'qi; Kazakh: Jos'y,
جوشى; Chinese: 朮赤; pinyin: Zhú chì;
Crimean Tatar: Cuçi, Джучи,
جوچى; also spelled Djochi, Jöchi and Juchi; c. 1182–
February 1227. Mongolian army commander who was the eldest
son of Genghis Khan, and presumably one of the four sons by his principal
wife Börte, though issues concerning his paternity
followed him throughout his life. An accomplished military leader, he
participated in his father's conquest of Central Asia, along with his
brothers and uncles. Jochi was
entrusted with the westernmost part of the empire, then lying between Ural
(Jaiq, Djaik, Iaik, Jaiakh) and Irtysh rivers. During
the invasion of Central Asia Genghis appointed Jochi to command the troops at
the siege of the Khorazinm capital Urgench and promised Jochi the city as his
prize. However, a dispute broke out with Chagatai who accused Jochi of trying
to negotiate to keep the city intact for himself rather than completing the
siege. Genghis intervened and gave command of the troops to Ogodei. This led
to a final breach in relations with Genghis. Jochi withdrew to his lands in
the West of the empire and never returned to Mongolia. He died in 1226. His
sons Batu Khan and Orda Khan inherited his lands, which are known
collectively as the Ulus of Jochi. Jochi
standing on a portrait of Ghinghiz Khan Æ |
|
|
Batu |
1217-1255 |
|
Batu Khan
audience
Silver dinar of Batu [3] The
gallery of images of state symbols of Tatarstan in the Cabinet of Ministers
of the republic presents clan tamgas of the Batu and Berke clans. |
|
|
Sartaq |
1256-1257 |
|
|
|
|
Berke |
1257-1266 |
|
Berke |
|
|
Mangu-Temür |
1267-1280 |
|
Coins of Mangu Temür On the ancient
European geographical maps, the Golden Horde was marked with white flags with
a red ideogram. For example, a 14th-century map (portolan) stored in the
Barcelona Maritime Museum, which shows the "Khan of the Golden
Horde" and several cities under white flags with a tamga, on some flags
the tamga is accompanied by a crescent. Such a tamga (a tamga of the Batu
genus - a two-pronged head with a round tooth and a crossbeam at the right
tooth) was also depicted on the coins of Khan Mengu-Timur (1260s). Used
photo cards from the site "Red Lion" by Hubert de Vries
(http://hubert-herald.nl/) Photo of coins from the forum of numismatists
http://coins.ucoz.ru/ |
|
|
Tode-Mangu |
1280-1287 |
|
GOLDEN HORDE:
Toda Mangu, 1280-1287, AR yarmaq (1.67g), Qrim, ND, A-2021.1, ruler's name in
square, al-'adil zuyyida 'adluhu around / tamgha in triangle, mint name
outside, choice Extremely Fine to About Uncirculated, RRR.
Another Golden Horde coin with a tamga. 1 -
silver yarmak of Tuda-Mengu-khan
(ave. 1282-1287), 683 g., Crimea |
|
|
Tule Buka (Talabuga) |
1287-1290 |
|
Together
with Nogai he accompanied the Mongol invasion of Lithuania under the command of Burundai in 1259.[1] Alongside Nogai Khan, he led the second Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1284-1285 and the third Mongol raid
against Poland in 1287. Despite initial
success most of the attacks were unsuccessful. As a
matter of rule, the Galician and Rus' dukes were ordered to
accompany the Mongol raid on Hungary together with Tulabuga and Nogai in
1285. In 1286 he decided to organize the raid on Poland, again together
with Khan Nogai. which he repeated for the last time in 1287. In 1290,
Khan Tulabuga and Nogai attacked the land of Zichia (probably Circassia).
2 – silver yarmak
of Tula-Bug-khan (1287-1291), 686, Crimea. Tamga within encircled
hexagram |
|
|
|
|
|
Coin of Talabuga Tamga and quadruped (wolf,
fox?) |
Coin of Talabuga Tamga and quadruped
(leopard) |
|
Toqtu |
1291-1312 |
|
|
|
|
Uzbek |
1313-1341 |
|
Sultan
Mohammed Öz Beg, better known
as Uzbeg or Ozbeg (*1282–†1341, reign 1313–1341), was the
longest-reigning khan of the Golden Horde, under whose rule the state
reached its zenith. He was succeeded by his son Jani Beg. He was
the son of Toghrilcha and grandson of Mengu-Timur, who had been khan of the Golden
Horde from 1267–1280.
Dirham of Mohammad Uzbek His
adoption of Islam as a state religion led to a conspiracy of Shamanist and Buddhist princes, whom he
subdued severely. Öz Beg determinedly spread Islam among the Golden Horde and
allowed missionary activities to expand in the surrounding regions. Öz Beg
found out that his competitor was backed by the envoys of the Great Khan Ayurbarwada Buyantu and this fact helped deteriorate
his relationship with the Yuan Dynasty. The last of his rebellious
relatives was shamanist Ilbasan of the eastern half of the Golden
Horde, who was murdered in 1320. Öz Beg installed the Muslim Mubarak Khwaja as a replacement to the throne of
the White Horde, but he discouraged their independence. In the long run,
Islam enabled the Khan to eliminate inter-factional struggles in the Horde
and to stabilize state institutions. Russian scholar Lev Gumilev wrote that in this manner was Öz
Beg able to turn the khanate into a sultanate. Khan Öz
Beg urged the Mongol elite to convert to Islam, but at the same time, he preserved
the lives of Christians and pagans such as Russians, Circassians, Alans, Finno-Ugric people, and Crimean Greeks as long as they continued to pay the jizyah in subjection to Islamic rule. From Öz Beg
onwards, the khans of the Golden Horde were all Muslim. Öz Beg
was very tolerant of Christians as exemplified by a letter of thanks he
received from Pope
John XXII in which
the Christian leader thanked Öz Beg for his kind treatment of Christians.[Öz Beg had sent a letter to the Metropolitan Peter which stated: By the will and power, the greatness and most
high! Let no man insult the metropolitan church of which Peter is head, or
his service or his churchman; let no man seize their property, goods or
people, let no man meddle in the affairs of the church...Their laws, their
churches and monasteries and chapels shall be respected; whoever condemns or
blames this religion, shall not be allowed to excuse himself under any
pretext, but shall be punished with death.
Paiza of Öz beg (Uzbek) Khan Eight-rayed sun or
eight-pointed star Silver,
casting, forging, engraving, gilding. An Arabic script on the plate displays
the text: “By the command of the eternal sky, the
decree of the khan of Uzbek. A person who does not submit to the Mongols is
guilty, and must die”. |
|
|
1320 Flag: White. a tamgha (Marino Sanudo) 1339 Flag: White, a crescent and a tamgha (Angelino Dulcerta) 1341 Flag: White, a crescent and a red tamgha (...The King of this Norgancio
(= Choresm) has for his device a white flag with the sign of uxbeco Emperor of sara (= Sarai) red. Libro de Conoscimiento n° 79 & p. 51)
|
|
|
Tinibeg |
1341-1342 |
|
|
|
|
Djanibeg |
1342-1357 |
|
Disk with leopard 14th cent From the Azov Museum |
|
|
Berdibeg |
1357-1359 |
|
|
|
|
Kulpa |
|
|
|
|
|
Newrus |
|
|
|
|
|
Toktamish |
1375-1395 |
|
1385 ca Flag: White, a black crescent and a tamgha (Guillelmus Soleri).
White flag
and black tamgha
Greatest extend of the Tokhtamysh authority Capital: Sarai |
|
|
Breaking up in Khanates and kingdoms, |
|
|
|
|
|
Arms of Sarai in the Richental Chronicle 1417 1417 Arms:
Sable, a unicorn Or. Caption: Dominus Wildiboldus herzog zu Sarasie, zwüschent Kriechen und Littow. (Ulrich Richental
Konzil, fol 136a. Sarasie = Sara
= Sarai i.e the Palace of the Khan of the Golden Horde) A good
candidate for the arms is Kebeq Khan albeit Wildiboldus does not like to be a plausible corruption of his
name: Kebek was the third son
of Tokan Khan. In 1410, his eldest brother, Jalal ad-Din, obtained the throne from the “strong man” of the Golden Horde,
the puppet ruler Emir Edögey. Jalal ad-Dín was also supported by the
Grand Duke of Lithuania, Vytautas
because he had been in his miitary service. In 1412 his other brother,
Karim Berdi, murdered him and himself sat in his place. Vytautas was
enraged by the death of his supporter and did not recognize the
succession. He first sought a claimant to the throne outside of the
Toktamis family, but this was captured and beheaded by Karim Berdi. He
then turned to the brothers and, at his suggestion, one of Kebek's younger
brothers, Jabbárberdi, killed Karim Berdi. The new khan became the third
brother, Kebek, who was also a devotee of the Lithuanian prince. Kebek could only rule for a short time because Emir Edögej found another khan candidate from the White Horde, Csokra. In battle they defeated Kebek's army and expelled him from the capital, New Sarai. Kebek retreated to the southwestern part of the Horde, which was in Lithuania’s zone of influence and for a few years even minted money like the Horde’s khan. His further fate is unknown. |
|
|
The unicorn |
|
|
In military symbolism a unicorn,
derived from the persian ibex, is of very ancient origin. In fact
it symbolizes the leader and defender of the herd and the great inseminator. The
male ibex as such symbolizes supreme masculinity. In the far east he is known
from the military hierarchies in the ancient Persian world. Derived from this
persian ibex is the unicorn which is a fierce beast only
to be tamed by a virgin. Such a unicorn often figures in muslim
symbolism. An early example is known from Pamplona where a pair of
ibexes occur on the so-called Pamplona Casket, together with a pair of griffins
and other heraldic beasts. In China where he is called qilin,
he was the symbol of the military commander of the first rank from the time
of the Han (207 BC-220 AD) until the fall of the Chinese empire in
1910. An example from mediaeval Armenia is known from the clothes
of Gagik I Abbas (1029-‘64) with large medallions enclosing ibexes.
So, probably the unicorn in the case of the Golden Horde was the badge
of rank of the commander of the first rank. * In the case of Castile it
had been the badge of the major domus
and military leader during the reign of King Alfonso VII.
See paragraph: Ibex ** In the case of Scotland
it must be remarked that a stewart
is a kind of major domo and that
the ruling dynasty of Scotland in the time of the introduction of the Unicorn
was the House of Steward (1371-1714). |
|
|
|
|
|
Iwan III, the Great Iwan the Young |
1462-1505 1471-1490 |
|
About 1480 Conrad Grüneberg repeats the arms with the
Unicorn, copying the
Richental Chronicle Der Hertzog vo Sarasye zwisthen littau vñ kriecheñ [4] According to Köhne, B. von: Das Kaiserlich Russische Reichs-Wappen. Reiter und Doppeladler. In: Vierteljahrschrift für Heraldik etc. Herold. 1882, pp. 397-418. Taf. I-II. ....Die ersten Bullen mit dem Doppel-Adler
auf der Hauptseite und dem Einhorn auf der Rückseite, sind vom Grossfürsten
Johann III Wassiljewitsch (The first seals with of two-headed eagle on
the obverse and the Unicorn on the reverse are of Grand Prince John III Wassiljewich.) * This seal cannot be found |
|
|
Wassily III |
1505-1533 |
|
Vasili III
continued the policies of his father Ivan III and spent most of his reign
consolidating Ivan's gains. Vasili annexed the last surviving autonomous
provinces: Pskov in 1510, appanage of Volokolamsk in 1513, principalities of
Ryazan in 1521 and Novgorod-Seversky in 1522. Also he
took the heraldic consequences of the conquest of the remnants of the Golden Horde by supporting
the unicorn of 1417 by the two-headed eagle of the Grand Prince (Megalou Primikuriou)
1505–1533 gold grivna
of Vassili III Ivanovich Arms: Unicorn (the arms of Kebek Khan) Supporter: Two-headed crowned eagle On the
obverse St. George similar to
Vassilii's seal by design. |
|
|
Iwan IV, the
Terrible |
1533-1584 Tsar 16.01.1547 |
|
The use of the unicorn was continued by Iwan
IV
Back of Ivan the Terribele’s Throne The ivory panel carved with a two-headed
royally crowned eagle with sceptre and orb for the rank of King / Tsar /
Caesar On the dexter a unicorn for the Khanate of the
Golden Horde (Sarai) and on the sinister a lion rampant for the Grand
Principality of Vladimir
1562
1569
Seal of Ivan IV, 1577 The obverse of the seal depicts a
double-headed eagle under a single crown with an Orthodox cross and a rider on
a shield killing a snake. (The rider symbolized the prince; later they
began to identify him with George the Victorious). On the reverse side of the seal on the
shield of the eagle, a unicorn is depicted
as the personal coat of arms of Ivan IV. The circular
inscriptions indicate the full title of the tsar: “B (o) ha in Tr (oi) tsy
slavima m (i) l (os) tiyu great g (osu) d (a) rb c (a) rb and Grand Duke (s)
Ivan Vasilyevi (h) of All Russia Vladimersky Moscow Nougorodtsky and c (a) rb
Kazan and c (a) rb Astorohansk and g (osu) d (a) rb Pskov and Grand Duke (s)
Smolensk Tver Yugorskiy Perm Vyattskiy Bulgarian and other g (osu) d (a) ry
and Great Prince (I) s Novgorod Nizovskiy lands of Chernigov " Ryazansky. Polotsky. Rostov. Yaroslavsky. Beloozersky. and
the ruler of the motherland m (silt) r (adi) possessor of the land of
Livonia, the German rank of Udora. Obdorsky. Kondinsky and all
Siberian lands and northern countries are the sovereign and other many lands
g (was) d (a) r and possessor ". (Fig. 6.7). In the margin the seals of (clockwise): Polotsk; Belozersk; Ryazan; Kondinsk;
Archbishop Riga; Kesi city; Lifland; Siberia; Obdorsk; Yaroslavl; Rostov;
Ryazan At the
back, the same image, only with the unicorn on the breast of the double eagle
and the indistinct inscription: ХРІСТОСЬ МОГУТНЫИ ХРІСТОСЬ ВАСІЛЕVЕІ (Christos the mighty, Christos is king,
maybe from Latin Christus regnat,
according to Christ Imperat). Then
the coats of arms, according to the end of the title follow, likewise in
heraldic order (alternating), from Riäsan, Polotzk (the Stibcy of the
Jagellonen), Rostow, Jaroslaw, Bielosersk, Udorien, Obdorien, Kondinien,
Siberia, the archbishop of Riga, the master of the livländischen order
(Wilhelm von Fürstenberg) and the town Reval. All these coats of arms deviate
from the ones that later became usual. [5]
Coin of Wilhelm von Fürstenberg Arms: ¼
1&4: Argent, a cross Sable; 2&3: Or two fesses Gules. From:
печатгрозного.рф/историа-государственного-герба/ |
|
|
Theodore I |
1584-1598 Conquest of Siberia 1584-’88 |
|
Interruption of the use of the unicorn |
|
|
Boris Godunow |
1598-1605 |
|
Reverse of
the Great seal of Boris Godunow: Crowned two-headed eagle with russian cross between
its heads. Escutcheon: running unicorn. Caption (translated in 17th cent.
english) Cheringoskee, Rezanskee, Rososkee, Yaroslavskee, Beloozerskee,
Leeflandia, Udorskee, Obdorskee, Kondinskee, and Commander of all the
Northern parts, and Lord of all the Iverskee Countries, and Granziskee
Empires, and of the Caberniskee Countries, Cherkaskee, Igorskee, and of many
other Kingdoms, Lord and Conqueror.”
D.: 12.06.1602. From: Ashmole, Elias The
Institution, Laws and Ceremonies of the Most Noble Order of the Garter.
London, 1671.p. 229 (besides
the Soveraigns of the most Noble Order of the Garter) have assumed the
bearing St. Georg encountring the Dragon and in like posture (though not so
anciently, nor upon the same account) as they: probably having chosen him
Patron of their Countries or Families, as namely the Emperors of Russia, the
Dukes of Mantua in Italy, and the Counts Mansfield in Germany, which will bet∣ter appear by the exhibits of some
of their Seals and Coyns here. The first
is the Great Seal of Borice-Feodorwiche Emperor of Russia, affixed to his
Letters sent to Queen Elizabeth, dated at his Imperial Palace of Mosko the
12. of Iune 1602. and 39. year of his Reign: A Translation of which was most
courteously afforded me by Mr. Ia. Frese (Interpretor to the Russian Ambassa∣dors, sent over hither to his now
Majesty, an. Dom. 1660.) and is as followeth. By Gods
providence, We the great Lord, Emperor, and great Duke Boreece Feo∣dorwiche of all Russia Self-upholder,
of Wolodeemer, Mosko, Novograde, Emperor of Kazan, Emperor of Astracane, and
Emperor of Seebeeria, Lord of Psokosske, great Duke of Smolenskee, Twerskee,
Ugarskee, Permskee, Va∣ticekee,
Bolgarskee and other; Lord and great Duke of Novagradia, the lower Countries,
Cheringoskee, Rezanskee, Rososkee, Yaroslaveskee, Beloozerskee, Leeflandia,
Udorskee, Obdorskee, Kondinskee, and Com∣mander of all the Northern parts, and Lord of all the Iverskee
Countries, and Granziskee Empires, and of the Caberniskee Countries,
Cherkaskee, Igorskee, and of many other Kingdoms, Lord and Conqueror. |
|
|
Dimitri the Pretender |
1605-1606 |
|
|
|
|
Basil IV Shuiski |
d. 1612 1606-1610 |
|
|
|
|
Michael Romanov |
1613-1645 |
|
|
|
|
Seals of central government agencies. Separate state and city
institutions also had their own seals. Preserved several seals of the
central government institutions of the Russian state - orders. The most
known are the seals of the Order of the Great Palace, which is probably due to
the originality of its competence. In addition to managing palace
institutions and estates, the Order of the Great Palace was in charge for
almost the entire 17th century. (with the exception of the 50-70s) by
the economic activity of Russian monasteries. The monastic archives have
been better preserved in comparison with the archives of state institutions
and private individuals, therefore, many documents have survived to this day
bearing the seal of the Order of the Great Palace. Seal of
the Order of the Great Palace. Kotoshikhin, characterizing the
activities of the Order of the Big Palace, writes: "Yes, in the same
order, the press is kept, and they collect printing duties on letters and
other matters that are sent by petitions of all ranks of people to cities and
palace volosts," that is, in those cities and townships that were under
the jurisdiction of the Order of the Great Palace. "And it is
carved on that seal," Kotoshikhin continues, "an inrog is a
beast" * . * ( G. K. Kotoshikhin. About Russia in
the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, p. 60. )
Fig. 63. Seal of the Order of the Great Court This
testimony of Kotoshikhin is confirmed by the preserved imprints of the seal
of the Order of the Great Palace. Moreover, during the 17th
century. the matrices of this seal changed, since the prints differ from
one another. So, under the letter with a read ‘sent from the Order of
the Big Palace on 30 August 1632 to Solikamsk voivode Ilya Ivanovich Zlobin’
on the controversial land case of the Pyskorsky monastery with the guest G.L.
Nikitnikov, there is an applied seal to black wax. The seal depicts a
unicorn and the inscription: "The Big Palace". (печат
ъболъщя
годвоця). |
|
|
At the end of the 16th and the beginning of
the 17th century the colonisation or conquest of Siberia took place. The
territories were initially called Tartary and for that new territory was designed
a new emblem of a basilisk, borrowed from Kazan (also sometimes called
Tartary). This was documented until the arms of Siberia werd adopted for a
kingdom which comprised the whole of East Asia. In the process the unicorn of the Gollden
Horde (not belonging to Siberia) became obsolete. |
|
|
The arms of Turkestan are perhaps an invention of the director of the
section for arms in the heraldic department of the Russian senate, Freiherr
B.K. von Köhne, who was of the opninion that the unicorn is the emblem of the
prefecture of Asia because: apart from the double eagle, the Byzantine
emperors bore the arms of the four great prefectures of the Empire, namely
the eagle for Italy, a griffin for Gaul, a unicorn for Asia and a lion for
Illyria. The unicorn coat of arms is said to have been first adopted by Ivan
III. In 1882, the unicorn coat of arms became the warms for Turkestan. K. does not say on what his
opinion on the prefecture's heraldic animals is based on. [6]
Turkestan
arms [7] Turkestan oblast was formed in 1865, subject to the Orenburg
governorate-general, from territories recently conquered from the Kokand khanate.
These included Tashkent, one of the two largest towns in the region (the
other was Bukhara).
Photo - heraldicum.ru Turkestan (oblast) coat of arms on the official
badge of the mirab - responsible for the distribution of water Note that the
pose of the unicorn is clearly defined in the description
-"walking" .But on some official signs (village foreman, aul
foreman) the coat of arms of Turkestan was not depicted in accordance with
the description.The unicorn was shown rearing up.
Fragment of the official badge of the aul foreman. Nevertheless,
it is still the coat of arms of Turkestan (albeit distorted), the same
unicorn. |
|
|
In 1867 the Turkestan government-general
was established, consisting of two oblasts - Syr Darya and Semireche
- responsible directly to the war minister, with Tashkent as its capital
Turkestan Government-General, 1887 In the
second half of the 19th century.the coat of arms of Turkestan appeared.The
figure shows "a badge on the caps of military and civilian officials
holding police positions in the Turkestan Territory" (PSZ No. 4368,
approved on April 21, 1887) The coat of arms of Turkestan appeared in
Russian heraldry in 1882 in order to reflect the line " Sovereign
Turkestan" that appeared after the annexation of Central Asia in the
full imperial title. The coat of arms became part of the large coat of arms
of the empire: "the coat of arms of Turkestan: in a golden shield, a black
walking unicorn with scarlet eyes, tongue and horn ." Now it is difficult to say why the unicorn
was chosen as the symbol of Turkestan. Why, for example, did not the coats of
arms of the provinces and regions of Turkestan (Akmola, Fergana, Syr-Darya, Trans-Caspian,
Semirechensk, Samarkand) become the coat of arms of Turkestan, united in one
shield? After all, it was in this way that the coats of arms of the
"Baltic regions", "the Belarusian and Lithuanian
principalities and regions", etc. were arranged for the large emblem of
the empire. But the gold and black state colors, apparently, indicated a
special attitude of the state to the new province. Gradually, the coat of arms penetrated into
everyday life: the unicorn appeared on the badges of police officials of the
Turkestan Territory, began to appear on commemorative medals, official signs
of judges, officials of local self-government (mirabs, aul foremen, etc.).
Turkestan(G.G.)
coat of arms on a medal in honor of the Central Asian Exhibition of 1891 [8] |
|
|
Despite
the heraldic design, Turkestan remained a semi-amorphous formation: as an
administrative unit of Turkestan did not exist (there was only the Turkestan
General Government), and the administrative units of the Turkestan Territory -
regions - by the end of the 19th century had their own officially approved
emblems (and the Turkestan unicorn had no place in them). These regional
coats of arms were depicted in newspapers, yearbooks, and tokens. But after the collapse of the empire, the
Turkestan unicorn did not disappear without a trace, but was revived in the
form of the supporting horned fabulous horses-tulpals in the state
emblem of the Republic of Kazakhstan. [9] |
|
© Hubert de Vries
Heraldry of the World