WALACHIA
Part 1
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The name
Walachia initially referred to several territories inhabited by rumanian
speaking people. Sebastian
von Munster writes in 1550: “Walachy
stoßt gegen mittag an das wasser Histrum/ das ist die Tonaw/ und gegen
mitnacht reicht sie an die völker Royanos / die man jetzunt die Ruthen und
Reussen nennt”. (Walachia borders in the south to the Histrum
waters, that is the Danube and it reaches in the north to the Royanos peoples
who are called now the Ruthenians or Russians.) Of
this Walachia there are several parts: 1.
Great Walachia = Thessalia 2.
Little Walachia = Etiolia and Acarnania = W. Sterea (Greece) 3.
Upper Walachia = Northern Epirus 4.
Hungarian Walachia = Banate of Severin = the territory between the Danube and
the Olt. This was called Little Walachia
in the 18th century and belonged to the Habsburg empire from
1718-1739. (= Oltenia) 5.
Kumenia = present Valachia east of the Olt (= Muntenia). (Kumenia (until
1240) = later Khanate of the Golden Horde) 6.
Ardelean Walachia = Transilvania 7.
Moldavia = the territory between the Carpates and the Dnjester (originall
also Kumenia). About the Nova Plantatio Cernevodeanu p.52 vv pl. V p.217
Walachia and
surroundings in the time of Mircea the Elder(1386-1418) In
this chapter only the territories will be treated situated in present
Rumania, formerly known as the Principality of Walachia. Today they are
called the Rumanian Lands (Ţara Româneasca) consisting
of Oltenia and Muntenia or the Banat of Severin and Kumenia. |
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Walachia
on both sides of the Olt was captured by a Wlach Prince, a certain Tihomir,
at the end of the 13th and the beginning of the 14th century. He recognized
the suzereinty of the King of Hungary. The
son of Tihomir, Basarab I the Founder, declared himself independend from the
Hungarian crown. His descendants ruled over Walachia until the end of the
16th century. The
son of Tihomir, Basarab, declared himself independent from the Hungarian
crown in 1330. His descendants would reign over the territory until the
beginning of the 16th century. Instead
of with the Hungarians the Bassabi had to cope now with the Turks advancing
to the north. In 1396 Mircae the Old became their tributary and in 1415 a
vassal of the Porte in spite of the several alliances he had cocluded with
the Byzantine Emperor and te Polish king and also in spite of his many
military successes. After
the death of Mircea the Elder in 1418 Walachia became a bone of contend of his
successors and many voivodes could maintain themselves only for a short term
of office. It is not very clear what role Hungaria and the Porte played in
this contest but an important political goal of Matthias of Hungary was to
drive the Turks out of Europe and it is possible that he succeeded for a
short time in Valachia. In
the 16th and 17th century the princes of Valachia succeeded each other in a
great pace. This period came to an end with the long reign o Constantin Brâncoveanu (1688-1714) who profited from the capture of Transilvania by Leopold
of Habsburg in 1690. Oltenia (Little Valachia) even came for a short time in
the hands of the Habsburgs (1718-'39). After
the reign of Brâncoveanu
Moldavia and Valachia were administered alternately by the Phanariots who
were granted only short terms of office by the Porte quite often ending with
their execution. The
Phanariot era ended in 1821 when they were replaced by local princes. After
the Turkish-Russian War of 1828 the country was occupied by the Russian Army
(1828-'34). The
revolutionary unrest of 1848 was expressed in Valachia by the resistance
against Turkish rule. The princely administarion was restored quickly and
eleven years later Valachia was united with Moldavia which in the end resulted in the
independence of Romania. |
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The bird
sejant reguardant which has been the symbol of Walachia for such a long time is
derived from the Roman eagle, revived by a Hungarian prince and adopted by
Walachian rulers, vassals of the Hungarian kings Legio quinta Macedonica (the Fifth Macedonian Legion) was
a Roman legion. It was probably originally levied in 43 BC by consul Gaius
Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Octavian (later known as the Emperor Augustus).
It was based in the Balkan provinces of Macedonia, Moesia and Dacia. In the Notitia
Dignitatum records from beginning of the fifth century, the legion was still
stationed in Dacia, with detachments stationed in the east and Egypt. While
staying in Potaissa (a castra in the Roman province of
Dacia, located in today's Turda, Romania). for most of the 3rd century, V Macedonica fought several times,
earning honors.Valerian gave the Fifth the name III Pia III Fidelis; his son,
Gallienus gave the legion the title VII Pia VII Fidelis, with the 4th, 5th
and 6th titles awarded probably when the legion was used as a mobile cavalry
unit against usurpers Ingenuus and Regalianus (260, Moesia).
Philip II AE 19 mm of Dacia. Dated Year 2 (247-‘48 AD). IMP M IVL PHILIPPVS CAES, bare headed, draped bust
right / PROVINCIA DACIA, AN II in exergue, Dacia standing left, holding
curved sword & one standard inscribed DF (Dacia Felix), flanked by an
eagle with a crown of laurel & a lion.
This coin was issued by Roman emperor Gallienus (253-’68) to celebrate the V Macedonica, whose symbol, the
eagle, is crowned by Victoria. The legend on the reverse says LEG V MAC VI P
VI F, which means “Legio V Macedonica VI times faithful VI times loyal” The
legion returned to Oescus (on the south bank of the Danube) in 274, after
Aurelian had retired from Dacia. It guarded the province in later centuries,
becoming a comitatensis unit under the Magister
Militum per Orientis.. The
cavalry unit created by Gallienus was definitively detached by Diocletian,
and became part of his comitatus.
This unit was sent to Mesopotamia, where it successfully fought against the
Sassanid Empire in 296, and then to Memphis, where it remained until becoming
part of the Byzantine army.
Arms of Legio V Macedonica (420AD ca) As in Notitia Dignitatum fol
181 r° Legio V
Macedonica is mentioned again in the Notitia Dignitatum, stationed in Dacia
Ripensis (today’s north-western Bulgaria), with detachments in the Oriental
Field Army and in Egypt. Legio V
Macedonica is again mentioned in both Antaeapolis and Heliopolis in
inscriptions, which seem to have been detachments of the units in Memphis.
The last inscription provides the date of 635 or 636, indicating that at
least part of the Legion was in Egypt until just before the conquest of Egypt
by the Arabs began in 637. This would make Legio V Macedonica the
longest-lived Roman Legion known in history, spanning 680 years from 43 BC to
637 AD; the entire history of the Roman Empire in the Classical Era. |
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Bela IV
*1206-†1270 |
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Béla IV
(1206 – 3 May 1270) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1235 and
1270, and Duke of Styria from 1254 to 1258. Being the oldest son of King
Andrew II and Gertrude of Merano (1185-1213), he was crowned upon the
initiative of a group of influential noblemen in his father's lifetime in
1214. Béla was
made a duke of Transylvania by his father in 1226. As a Duke of Transylvania,
Béla adopted an expansionist policy aimed at the territories over the
Carpathian Mountains. He supported the Dominicans' proselytizing activities
among the Cumans, who dominated these lands. In 1227 he crossed the mountains
and met Boricius, a Cuman chieftain, who had decided to convert to
Christianity. At their meeting, Boricius and his subjects were baptized and
acknowledged Béla's suzerainty. Within a year, the Roman Catholic Diocese of
Cumania was established in their lands. Béla had
long opposed his father's "useless and superfluous perpetual
grants", because the distribution of royal estates destroyed the traditional
basis of royal authority. He started reclaiming King Andrew's land grants
throughout the country in 1228. The Pope supported Béla's efforts,
but the King often hindered the execution of his son's orders. Béla also
confiscated the estates of two noblemen, brothers Simon and Michael Kacsics,
who had plotted against his mother Gertrude. Béla
invaded Bulgaria and besieged Vidin in 1228 or 1232, but he could not capture
the fortress. Around the same time, he set up a new border province, the
Banate of Szörény (= Severin, Romania), in the lands between the Carpathians
and the Lower Danube. In a token of his suzerainty in the lands east of the Carpathians,
Béla adopted the title “King of Cumania” in 1233. Béla sponsored the mission
of Friar Julian and three other Dominican monks who decided to visit the
descendants of the Hungarians who had centuries earlier remained in Magna
Hungaria, the Hungarians' legendary homeland King
Andrew died on 21 September 1235. Béla, who succeeded his father
without opposition, was crowned king in Székesfehérvár on 14 October In 1240
invading Mongols demanded Béla's submission to their Great Khan Ögödei, but
Béla refused to yield and had the mountain passes fortified. The Mongols
broke through the barricades erected in the Verecke Pass (Veretsky Pass,
Ukraine) on 12 March 1241. Duke
Frederick II of Austria, who arrived to assist Béla against the invaders,
defeated a small Mongol troop near Pest. His intervention however proved
counter-productive because it resulted in the retreat of the Cumans, the main
allies of Bela IV. After Frederick II had forced him to cede some of his
territories, Bela sent letters to Pope Gregory IX, Emperor Frederick II, King
Louis IX of France and other Western European monarchs, urging them to send
reinforcements to Hungary. In the hope of military assistance, he even
accepted Emperor Frederick II's suzerainty in June 1241 (which lasted until
21.8.1245). The Pope declared a Crusade against the Mongols, but no
reinforcements arrived. The
Mongols crossed the frozen Danube early in 1242. A Mongol detachment under
the command of Kadan, a son of Great Khan Ögödei, chased Béla from town to
town in Dalmatia. Béla took refuge in the well-fortified city of Trogir (on
the Adriatic coast). Before Kadan laid siege to the town in March, news
arrived of the Great Khan's death. Batu Khan wanted to attend at the election
of Ögödei's successor with sufficient troops and ordered the withdrawal of
all Mongol forces..
Obol of Bela IV 1235-‘70 Royal portrait on the obverse
and eagle statant reguardant on the
reverse
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The eagle
on the obole of Bela IV can be explained in several ways. In the
first case the eagle, which has such a peculiar attitude, may refer to the
eagle of the Roman Empire as represented on the coins to honour Legio V
Macedonica which had camped for such a long time in Dacia, as well in the
middle of the principality of
Transilvania of the tme of Bela IV, as well as on the Danube on the eastern
border of the Banate of Szörény founded by Bela Secondly
the eagle may have been the badge of rank of Bela IV when a vassal of emperor
Frederick II (1241/1245) the attitude of reguardant for difference or to
symbolize looking for help from the West. A third
possiblity is that the eagle was the eagle of the duke of Merano of which his
mother was a daughter. That eagle was Azure, an eagle Argent, and perhaps the
reguardant was meant to symbolize
Bela remembering his mother who was assassinated in 1213. A
fourth possibility is that with such a bird a socalled Caladrius is meant.
Caladrius in the Bestiary from Giraldus Cambrensis, 2nd
quarter 13th cent. British Library, Harley MS
4751, Folio 40r A Caladrius is, according to Bartholomew
Anglicus: [1] “As the philospher sayth, the birde that hyghte Kaladrius is whyte of
colour and hath no parte of blackness. And nether parte of his legge clenseth
and purgeth dymnes of the eyen. His kynde is suche, when a man is holde in
greatte sykness this byrde Kaladrius tornethe away his face fro him that is
seke and than without dowte the man shal dye. And if the syke manne shall
escape, the byrde Kaladrius setteth his syght on him and beholdeth hym, as is
were faunynge and playsynge. And this byrde is other than the byrde that
hight Calandra, that syngeth as a thrustelle.” The
author citing this section continues: “Other
bestiarists have improved upon the bare account given by Bartholomew, and the
commoner version is that the Caladrius, having drawn the sickness out of the
patient, flies up towards the sun, the heat of which consumes the sickness
and restores the man to health. The moral drawn from this is that in like
manner Jesus Christ, on whom there is neither spot nor wrinkle, came down
from heaven and turned his face away from the Jews, but looked with favour
upon the Gentiles, healing them of their spiritual infirmities. A bird of
such remarkable qualities was, naturally, of considerable interest to our
ancestors, and representations of it, sometimes perched upon a sick-bed and
sometimes flying towards the sun, are to be found in several churches in
Western Europe and in many medieval manuscripts. One minnesinger even likened his lady love to the Caladrius,
declaring that it was a question of life or death whether her face was turned
towards him or away.” In
the fourteenth century South-eastern Europe was treated by the Turks. In 1362
they captured Thracia with Adrianople and in 1382 Sofia. In the Battle of
Kosovo in 1389 the Serbians were subjected. In that sense Walachia was one of
the last outposts of the christian world and the survival of christian rule
in Walachia of the greatest importance
for the West. Therefore it was of importance if the Walachian Caladrius would be dirtected to the
sick (chistian) west, which would imply a recuperation, or to the Turks which
would imply the occupation of Hungary. Such was the case mutatis mutandis also for the cornered Byzantine Emperor. So
there is much to say for that the bird on the helmet of the 14th century
Walachian princes to be called a Caladrius.
Only the colour, which has to be of a spotless white, remains a problem to
solve. |
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Mircea the Elder (Mircea I cel Bătrân) |
*1355-†1418 1st term1386-1394 2nd term 1397-1418 |
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Seal of Mircea I the Elder, on a treaty of 1390 with the
Polish King, Władysław Jagiełło (fotocopie, Biblioteca Academiei Române, Peceţi,
F-VIII-1,) Arms: Bird reguardant standing before a latin
cross in chief, in sinister chief a
crescent-and-sixpointed star Legend: X S IGILLUM MIRCZE WAIWODA TRANSALPIN I BAN I
DE CZWRINIO MIRCE WAIWO ODA [2] |
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Vlad the Usurpator (Vlad I Uzurpatorul) |
1394-1397 |
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Seal of Vlad the Usurpator, 1395 |
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Dan II |
1st rule 1422-1426 |
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1424 Wapenzegel W.: Een omziende vogel voor een kruis, in
de linkerbovenhoek een wassenaar en 5-puntige ster. (1. nov. 1424 Arh. Stat. Brasov Privilegii,
nr. 774; 2. dd. 1425, BARSR Peceti F-LIII-8)
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Vlad II the Dragon
(Vlad II Dracul) |
1st rule 1436-1442 |
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Seal of Vlad II the Dragon, 1437 BRSR Manusacrise, Fotocopii,
III/3A Arms: Standing bird reguardant befor a russian
cross in dexter chief a
crescent-and-fivepointed star. Legend: X
S WLAD FILIUS:
MERCE: TRANSALPINIS: VAIVODA: ET: DOMINUS DE FOGARAS. [3]
Seal of Vlad II Dracul voievod on a letter of 2 august 1439 Arhivele Naţionale ale României, Fonduri
personale şi Colecţii, Depozit 1C Arms and legend as before |
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Radu IV the Great (Radu cel Mare) |
1495-1508 |
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1497 Zegel van Radu de Grote dd. maart 1497: Wapen: een omgewende omziende staande vogel voor een kruis, in de rechtebovenhoek een vijfpuntige ster boven een liggende wassenaar. (Arh.Stat.Buc. Fond. M-rea Govoru, VIII/2)
Seal of Radu the Great on a letter of 25
January 1499 Arms: Bird to the sinister reguardant before a latin cross, in dexter
chief a crescent-and-fivepointed star. Legend: X I RADU VOIEVOD AND LORD OF ALL RUMANIAN LANDS
SON OF VLAD THE GREAT VOIVODE in slavic. [4] |
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Neagoe Basarab |
1512-1521 |
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His seal of March
1517 Arh. Stat. Brasov,
Privilegii, nr. 781 Arms: A bird statant reguardant to the sinister, a
latin cross in its beak, between a sun and a crescent in chief.
Gravestone of Neagoe Basarab, 1521 Curtea de Argeş
Monastery Sun
emblem and patriarchal cross on socle being the emblem of the realm and the
emblem of administrative and religious authority. |
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Patrascu the Good |
1554-1557 |
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son of Radu Paisie Zegel van Patrascu de Goede dd. 1557. Wapen: Een omgewende staande vogel met een kruis in de snavel, in de rechterbovenhoek een afnemende maan en in de linkerbovenhoek een zespuntige ster. (Mus.Ist.Cluj)
Tiparul
sigilar al lui Pătraşcu cel Bun (confecţionat din bronz aurit, a fost descoperit la Gilău în 1900, în grădina măcelarului János Balogh. Legenda diferă de textul legendei de pe sigiliul aplicat pe documentele din perioada 1554-1555. Bucureşti, Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a României nr.inv.54213)
/† IO SINHRISOE · LI ·
PETRASKO VOIVOD I Gñ ·· B ·· EI ZEMAN GRO BLAHIONCKI/ |
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Mihnea II the Turk |
2nd rule 1585-1591 |
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Szigmond Báthory |
*1572-†1613 Voivode 11.05.1581-1586 1st term Prince of Transilvania 1586-1597 Prince of Wallachia 03.06.1595 Knight of the Fleece n° 284 1596 Prince of
Transilvania 1598 - 1599 1601 -
26.07.1602 |
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Szigmond
Báthory a few
times chased the Turks from Walachia and Moldavia. On his seal of 1595 the
arms of his captured territories are represented that is: on the dexter a per
fess of the Szekely and the Saxon Nations and on the sinister a per fess of
the eagle of Walachia and the emblem called of the Nova Plantatio. In base
the bull’s head of Moldavia and in chief his own coat of arms. Here the
coat of arms of Walachia is the same as the arms for Walachai of his
predecessors, that is: an eagle to the sinister reguardant with a patriarchal
cross in his beak, between a sun and a cresent in chief. In zijn wapen als 284e ridder van het Gulden Vlies (1596) is het kwartier voor Walachije goud, de vogel zwart. Zon en maan ontbreken, het kruis is dubbel.
Het blijft inmiddels de vraag
of met de Aquila Valachica wel een
adelaar bedoeld is. Noch aan de snavel, noch aan de poten is dat eigenlijk af
te lezen. Johan Chiflet (Insignia Gentilitia Equitum Ordinis velleris aurei,
Antwerpen 1632, p. 155) noemt de vogel in zijn beschrijving van het wapen van
Sigismund Bathory een kraai en geeft tegelijketijd voor het eerst (!) de
kleuren: “Corvin (sic): Au III d’or, a un corbeau contourné, de
sable, la teste retournée a dextre; tenant au bec une double croix de
geuelles, au pied long, mis en bande. “ [5] ....waarbij
dus vastgesteld moet worden dat Chiflet het wapen verkeerd toeschrijft en
bovendien de zon en maan in het schildhoofd vergeet. ... |
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Vitéz Mihály |
*1558-†09.08.1601 Voievode of Walachia
1593-1601 Lord of Transilvania
1599-1600 Lord of Moldavia 1600 |
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Alexandru Iliaș |
Lord of the Romanian
Lands 1616-1618 1627-1629 |
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The arms of Valachia On a document of Alexandru
Iliaș for Snagov Monastery, 1628 [6] |
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Matei Basarab |
Lord of the Romanian
Lands 1632-1654 |
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Evanghelie
învăţătoare, Govora, 1642 [7]
Gravestone of Matei Basarab By Elias Nicolai, 1658. Arnota
monastery Crowned arms
of Walachia and triple cross. |
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Antonie Vodă din Popești |
Lord of the Romanian
Lands 1669 - 1672. |
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Șerban Cantacuzino |
Lord of the Romanian
Lands 1678-1688 |
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Arms of Valachia on a document of Șerban
Cantacuzino, 1683 [8] Arms of Valachia crested with a crowned
two-headed eagle with a mace and a sword in its claws. |
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Constantin
Brâncoveanu |
Lord of the Romanian
Lands 1688-1714 |
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Goldcoin of Constantin Brâncoveanu 1713 The arms of Valachia ducally crowned Habsburg style.
Arms of Valachia on a publication of Constantin
Brâncoveanu, 1713 [10] Arms of Valachia crowned valachian style, behind the
shield sword and mace in saltire. |
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Alexandru Ipsilanti |
Lord of the Romanian
Lands 1774-1782 1796-1797 |
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Arms of Valachia on a publication of Alexandru
Ipsilanti 1778 [11]
Lid of a box of a seal, 1774 The legend of the seal reads: † IO ALECSANDRU
IPSILANTI VOIEVOD CU MILA LUI DUMNEZEU DOMN AL ȚARI ROMȂNEŞTI. [12]
Achievement of Walachia On a letter of Bistrița
Monastery, 1799
Arms of Walachia on a document of Alexander
Ypsilanti, 1779 [13] |
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Mihail „Draco” Suțu |
Lord of the Romanian
Lands 1783-1786 1791-1793 1801-1802 |
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Alexandru Moruzi |
Lord of the Romanian Lands 1793-1796 1799-1801 |
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Ioan Gheorghe Caradja |
Lord of the Romanian
Lands 1812-1818 |
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Russian Occupation |
1828-1834 |
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Alexandru II Ghica |
Prince of Valachia 1834 -
1842 . |
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In 1834,
Wallachia's throne was occupied by Alexandru II Ghica - a move in
contradiction with the Adrianople treaty, as he had not been elected by the
new Legislative Assembly; removed by the suzerains in 1842, he was replaced
with an elected prince,
Eagle in the head of the Buletin Gazeta Oficial, 23.02.1840 |
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Gheorghe Bibescu |
1843-1848 |
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Eagle on the frontispiece of the Regulamentul Organic of
George Bibescu, 1847 |
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Revolution and
Provisional Government of 1848 |
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Early on
23 June, Bibescu also attempted to regain the loyalty of his Militia forces
by an order to take a renewed oath of allegiance - the officers agreed to do so,
but added that under no circumstances did they agree to shed the blood of
Romanians. In the afternoon, the Bucharest populace, feeling encouraged by
this development, rallied in the streets; around four o'clock, the church
bells on Dealul Mitropoliei began sounding the tocsin (by banging their clappers on only one side of the bell).
Public readings of the Islaz Proclamation took place, and the Romanian
tricolor was paraded throughout the city. At ten o'clock in the evening,
Bibescu gave in to the pressures, signed the new constitution, and agreed to
support a Provisional Government as imposed on him by Frăția. This
effectively disestablished Regulamentul Organic, causing the Russian consul
in Bucharest, Charles de Kotzebue, to leave the country for Austrian-ruled
Transylvania. Bibescu himself abdicated and went into exile. On June
25, the two proposed cabinets were reunited into a Guvernul Vremelnicesc (Provisional Government), based on the
Executive Commission of the Second French Republic; headed by the
conservative Neofit II, the Metropolitan of Ungro-Wallachia. It consisted of Christian
Tell, Ion Heliade Rădulescu, Ștefan Golescu, Gheorghe Magheru, and,
for a short while, the Bucharest merchant Gheorghe Scurti. Its secretaries
were C. A. Rosetti, Nicolae Bălcescu, Alexandru G. Golescu, and Ion
Brătianu. The
Government was doubled by the Ministerul Vremelnicesc (the
Provisional Ministry), which was divided into several offices: Ministrul dinlăuntru (the
Minister of the Interior, a position held by Nicolae Golescu); Ministrul dreptății (Justice
– Ion Câmpineanu); Ministrul instrucției
publice (Public Education – Heliade Rădulescu); Ministrul finanții (Finance – C. N. Filipescu); Ministrul trebilor dinafară (Foreign
Affairs – Ioan Voinescu II); Ministrul
de războiu (War – Ioan Odobescu, later replaced by Tell); Obștescul controlor (the Public
Controller – Gheorghe Nițescu). It also included Constantin
Crețulescu as President of the City Council (later replaced by Cezar
Bolliac), Scarlat Crețulescu as Commander of the National Guard, and Mărgărit
Moșoiu as Police Chief. |
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Seal of the Provisional Government Arh. Stat. Buc. Arh. Ist. Centr., Bibl. F.V. III/36 |
Seal of the Provisional Government 28,06.1848 Arh. Stat. Buc. Arh. Ist.
Centr.., dos. 865/1847, part II, f. 605 |
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Seal op the Temporary Government 1848 Arh. Stat. Buc. Arh. Ist.
Centr., sigilii administr. jud. Ilfov, nr. 3032 |
Seal of the government ad-interim 1848 Arh. Stat. Buc. Arh. Ist. Centr., Fond,. Ministr. de Interne, Administr. vechi, dos. 3/1848, f.
211[14] |
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Joint Russian Ottoman Occupation of
Valachia 1848-1851 |
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Barbu Dimitrie
Ştirbei |
Prince of Valachia 1848–1853 |
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Russian occupation of Wallachia and
Moldavia 1853-1854 |
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Ottoman Occupation of Wallachia 1854 |
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Austrian occupation of Valachia
1854-1856 |
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Barbu Dimitrie
Ştirbei |
Prince of Valachia 1854–1856 |
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Alexandru II Ghica |
Caimacam (regent) 1856 -
1858 |
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Seal of the Regency of the Romanian Lands Arh. Stat., Arh. Ist.
Centr., Sig. Administr. Jud. Ilfov, nr.
3050 |
Seal of the Regency of the Principality of Valachia Arh. Stat., Arh. Ist.
Centr., Sig. Administr. Jud. Ilfov, nr.
3049 |
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Legend: Unreadable. (AS Brasov Pec. n° 3. Pl V.1 & p. 53) |
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Seal of Vlad Dracul 1444 Arms: A lily between two crowned heads. L.: Z IO ?? : WLAD :
WAYVODA. (Pl. V. 2) Legend: S WLAD FILIUS
MERCE TRANSALPINIS VAIVODA 2. Locul
numelui vânzătorului este lăsat liber. Satul a fost o colonie
germană (Friwald/Freiwald/Pădure Liberă) şi distrusă
în anul 1385 (pare să fi fost opera moravienilor). În decursul
secolelor XV- XVII descendenţii şoltuzului din Friwald sunt
menţionaţi cu numele Walach, Mouc (Moţ), Klopan şi
Frivaldszky. |
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Seal of
1476 |
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Seal of Alexandru II Mircea (1574-‘77 |
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Mihnea II the Turk |
2nd rule 1585-1591 |
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Seal of Mihnea the Turk with achievement of
Valachia, 1587 Achievement: Arms: Strewn with stars an eagle statant to the
sinister, reguardant, standing on a winged globe, a latin cross in its beak
and four pennons in its sinister claw; in chief a sun radiant and a crescent Crown: A princely crown of three fleurs de lis and
two leaves Supporters: Two lions armed with swords upright On a
letter of 1587 (V. Arh.Stat. Buc., Peceti, nr 17.) |
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Seal: Cypress
between two crowned princes Crest: Walachian eagle between sun crescent End of Basarab rule 1591 |
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Sigismund Bathory |
1595 |
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Sigismund
Bathory, 1596 |
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Gavril Movila |
1618-1620 |
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Seal of december 1619 (Cern. Pl. XX 4) |
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1623 V 10 Figuurzegel: Cypres tussen een ongekroonde en een gekroonde man en gehouden door twee leeuwen. Er boven de A.V. tussen een maan en een zon. L.: IO RADUL VOEVOD ASNMIHN L........NL SIETNIS E MEVLIKOS. (Pl. V.6) |
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Matei Basarab |
Lord of the Romanian
Lands 1632-1654 |
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Seal of Matei Basarab, 1640 ca On this
rather damaged seal there seems to be an achievement resembling the achievement
of Mihnea II, the swords of the lions as a crest in saltire.
1645 |
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Grigore I Ghica |
1st term 1660-1664 |
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Antonie Vodă din Popești |
Lord of the Romanian
Lands 1669 – 1672. |
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Achievement of Valachia On a document of Antonie
Voda, 1669 [15] |
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Grigore I Ghica |
2nd term 1672-1673 |
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Seal of Grigore I Ghica, 1672 Achievement: Emblem: Eagle rising with latin cross between a sun
radiant and a crescent in chief and
supported by two angels.(?) Crown: Princely crown |
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Şerban
Cantacuzino |
1678-1688 |
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Seal of Şerban Vodă Cantacuzino, October
1683 Bibl. Acad. R.R. Filiala
Cluj, Arh. familiei Nemeş Crowned
arms crested with a two-headed eagle with sword and mace. Two princes for
supporters. [16] Şerban
Cantacuzino was an ally of Emperor Leopold of Habsburg against his Ottoman suzerain
at the Battle of Vienna in September 1683.
Achievement of Şerban Cantacuzino, 1688 Frontispiece of “Acts of
Lord Şerban Cantacuzino”. Museum of Bucarest City. [17] Arms and
crowned two-headed eagle with sword and mace for supporter.
Coat of arms of the Great Ban Gheorghe sin Șerban
Cantacuzino as Grand Master of the
Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George. [18] For his
role at the Siege of Vienna he received praise from General Wallenstein and
the Habsburg Emperor himself and also earned the title of “Defender (or Count) of the Holy Roman
Empire”. Thanks to his contributions and the Polish intervention, Vienna was
saved. The Austrians therefore promised him the throne of Constantinople
after the Turks were driven out. |
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Constantin
Brâncoveanu |
Lord of the Romanian
Lands 1688-1714 |
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After the
Peace of Karlowitz (26-01-1699) Walachia even further drifted away from the
Ottoman Empire.
Seal box of a seal of a documentt of 1711 From the chancellery of
Constantin Brâncoveanu Arms of
Walachia supported by the Imperial Eagle [19] |
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Ioan Stefan Cantacuzino |
1714-1716 |
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Seal of Stefan Cantacuzino, 1714 Achievement: Emblem: Eagle rising with latin cross between a sun
radiant and a crescent in chief, and
supported by two angels.(?) Crown:
Princely crown, crested with a two-headed eagle This achievemen on an oval shield royally crowned. Legend: ΙѠΑΝ ΨΕΦΑN
ΚΑΝΤΑΚΟЗИΝΟ
ΒΟΕΒΟΔΑ БЖΙЮ
ΜΑΤΙЮ ΓΔΡZΒΜΑИ ȢΓΡΒΑΧΗ From: Staats-siegel des Walachischen Woewoden Ioan Stefan Kantakusino. In: Der Deutsche Herold, 1880, pp. 99-100
Achievement with two-headed eagle and lions for
supporters, 1715 Muzeul Naţional de Artă al României, MNAR After the killing of Stefan Cantacuzino Phanariot rule in Wallachia was established
as a way to ensure a tighter Ottoman control over Wallachia. |
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Phanariot
rulers of Walachia |
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Nicolae Mavrocordat |
1715-1716 |
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Johan Mavrocordat |
1716-1719 |
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Nicolae Mavrocordat |
1719-1730 |
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Constantin Mavrocordat |
1730 |
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Mihai Racovita |
1730-1731 |
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Constantin Mavrocordat |
1731-1733 |
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Grigore II Ghica |
1733-1735 |
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Constantin Mavrocordat |
1735-1741 |
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Mihai Racovita |
1741-1744 |
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Constantin Mavrocordat |
1744-1748 |
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Grigore II Ghica |
1748-1752 |
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Matei Ghica |
1752-1753 |
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Constantin Racovita |
1753-1756 |
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Constantin Mavrocordat |
1756-1758 |
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Scarlat Ghica |
1758-1761 |
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Constantin Mavrocordat |
1761-1763 |
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Constantin Racovita |
1763-1764 |
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Stefan Voda Racovita |
1764-1765 |
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Scarlat Ghica |
1765-1766 |
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Alexander Ghica |
1766-1768 |
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Grigore II Ghica |
1768-1769 |
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Manuci Rosetti |
1770-1771 |
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Alexandru Ipsilanti |
Lord of the Romanian
Lands 1st term 1774-1782 |
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Alexander Ipsilanti, Voivode of Wallachia (1774-’82
& 1796-’97). Anonymous contemporary
copperplate (Bibl. Acad. R.S.R.
Bucureşti, Cabinetul de Stampe). Crowned arms with sword and mace and crowned lions for supporters
Seal of
Alexandru Ipsilanti, 1776 Crowned
arms with sword and mace, and crowned lions for supporters
Charter for the settlement of Land and Monasteries. By the grace of God, I,
voivode Alexandru Ioan Ypsilanti and lord of all Rumanian Land [20] |
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Nicola Caradja |
1782-1783 |
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Mihail „Draco” Suțu |
Lord of the Romanian
Lands 1783-1786 1791-1793 1801-1802 |
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Achievement of Mihail Suțu on „In
Memoriam” of Cozia monastery Beginning of a list of Fathers of the Church and princes of Walachia
from Radu I the Black (1377-’85) until 1794. Crowned arms
with sword and mace and angels for supporters. |
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Nicolae Mavroyeni |
1786-1788 |
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Portrait of Nicolae Mavrogheni, 1787 ca.. By Grigore Popovici
(National Museum of Romanian Art, Bukarest) [21] Crowned
arms with mace and sword, lions for supporters |
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Michael Sutsu |
1791-1793 |
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Alexandru Moruzi |
Lord of the Romanian Lands 1793-1796 |
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Alexander Ipsilanti |
2nd term 1796-1797 |
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Constantin Handjery |
1797-1799 |
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Alexander Moruzi |
2nd term 1799-1801 |
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Michael Sutsu |
2nd term 1801-1802 |
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Constantin
Ipsilanti |
1802-1806 |
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Achievement of Valachia on a publication of
Alexander Moruzi, 1805 Crowned arms with lions for supporters, the arms
augmented with banners in saltire. |
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Ioan Gheorghe Caradja |
Lord of the Romanian
Lands 1812-1818 |
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Seal of Ioan Caragea 1812 Achievement of Walachia and
the emblems of its districts [22] |
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Æ To
be continued in Romania |
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Walachian provinces in the
20th century |
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Ținutul
Argeş |
Ținutul
Olt |
Ținutul
Marii |
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These arms were adopted 13 December 1938 [23] |
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© Hubert de Vries 2018-02-20
Heraldry of the World
