NIEDERSACHSEN
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Today’s state of Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony)
comprises the main part of the mediaeval duchy of Saxony without the parts
today in the Netherlands, but with the part of Frisia east of the Ems added. The duchy of Saxony was ruled by
different dynasties like the Liudolfinger and the Billunger. It comprised the
large possessions of the House of Welf of which Louis the Proud succeeded to
be enfeoffed with the duchy in 1137. His son Henry the Lion succeeded him in
1142 but was deposed in 1180 for the obvious reason that his power had become
too dangerous for the position of the king and emperor. The duchy was dissolved after the
deposition of Henry the Lion and partitioned into three parts: the duchy of
Westfalen in the west on both sides of the river Ems and the duchy of Engern,
created for the occasion, were given to the archbishop of Cologne (to which
the bishops of Utrecht Osnabrück and Münster were subordinated). Ostfalen,
together with the title of Duke of Saxony were given to Bernhard of
Aschersleben. The posessions of the House of Welf however were rendered. Bernhard of
Aschersleben did not succeed in establishing his authority in the parts of
Saxony which were allowed to him and as a result the duchies of Engern and
Ostfalen fell apart in dozens of imperial fiefs, together with the large possessions
of the Welfs around their strongholds of Lüneburg and Brunswick. The autority
of the successors of Bernhard became restricted to the territories on the
westbank of the river Elbe and in the end to the territories of Lauenburg and
Wittenberg which had not even been a part of Saxony but had formerly been a
part of the marches of the Billunger and Meissen. According to their grant in
1180 however they continued to call themselves Duke of Saxony, Engern and
Westfalen.( DVCIS SAXONIE ANGRIE ET
WESTFALIE.) In a treaty between the archbishop of
Cologne and the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg of 1260 the boundaries between the
two states were established, the archbishop
receiving most of the territories west of the river Weser and the duke
the territories east of it. Thus the duchy of Engern was divided into a
Cologne part and a Brunswick-Lüneburg part. In the course of time two great principalities were
left to the east of the Weser: the Kingdom of Hanover and the Duchy of
Brunswick (after 1866 Hanover became a Prussian province; after 1919
Brunswick became a free state). West of the
River Hunte a “de-Westphalianising process” began in 1815: After the Congress
of Vienna Osnabrück and Aurich were transferred to the Kingdom of Hanover.
Until 1946, the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg and the Principality of
Schaumburg-Lippe retained their stately authority. In 1933 the
region was subdivided into four NSDAP-Gaue: Weser-Ems, Ost-Hannover,
Süd-Hannover Westfalen Nord and Westfalen-Süd. From these Gaue, and
the part of the Gau Magdeburg-Anhalt west of the Elbe, comprising the
former states of Hannover, Schaumburg-Lippe, Oldenburg and Brunswick, the
state of Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony) was formed on 23 November 1946. The Gau
Westfalen Süd became a part of Nordrhein-Westfalen. Post World War II After the
Second World War most of Northwest Germany lay within the British Zone of
Occupation. 1945–1994. This was administered
by the British Army on the Rhine. The (second) British
Army on the Rhine
was formed on 25 August 1945 from 21st
Army Group. Its original function was to control the corps districts
which were running the military government of the British zone of occupied
Germany. On 23 August
1946, the British Military Government issued Regulation No. 46 "Concerning
the dissolution of the provinces of the former state of Prussia in the
British Zone and their reformation as independent states", which
initially established the State
of Hanover on the territory of the former Prussian Province of Hanover
and the NSDAP Gau Süd-Hannover. Its minister president, Hinrich
Wilhelm Kopf, had already suggested in June 1945 the formation of a state of
Lower Saxony, that was to include the largest possible region in the middle
of the British Zone. In the end, at
the meeting of the Zone Advisory Board on 20 September 1946, Kopf's proposal
with regard to the division of the British occupation zone into three large
states proved to be capable of gaining a majority. Because this division of
their occupation zone into relatively large states also met the interests of
the British, on 8 November 1946 Regulation No. 55 of the British
military government was issued, by which the State of Lower Saxony with
its capital Hanover were founded, backdated to 1 November 1946. The
state was formed by a merger of the Free States of Brunswick, of Oldenburg and
of Schaumburg-Lippe with the previously formed State of Hanover. Name The name of
Niedersachsen for the former duchy of Saxony (and the British Occupation zone
after WWII) was chosen in 1946 because at the time Saxony was the name of the
former Wettin territory of Meissen which had developed into the Freestate of
Saxony (then in the Soviet occupation zone). The name Lower
Saxony initially applied to Saxony and the Netherlands together which were
called Neder Sassen in the Dutch Reimchronik of Melis Stoke (vs. 42,
130) of about 1300: Ouden
boeken hoer ic gewaghen, Dat
al tlant benedene Nyemagen Wilen
Neder-Zassen hiet. Also
als die stroem versciet Van
der Masen ende van den Rine; 45 Die
Scelt was dat westende sine Also
als si valt indie zee; Oest
streckede min no mee Dan
toter Lauece of ter Elve. That is to say
from the river Scheld to the river Elbe. In the 16th
century (1512 &1522) the name applied to the Niedersächische
Reichskreis which included the easternmost part of current Lower
Saxony, the northernmost part of Saxony-Anhalt (excluding the Altmark),
Mecklenburg, Holstein (excluding Dithmarschen), Hamburg, Bremen, in addition
to small areas in Brandenburg and Thuringia. In the 20th
century the name applied to the Wahlkreisverband IX Niedersachsen
formed 1920 and comprising the entire Weser-Ems region. The name of
Niedersachsen was suggested in June
1945 for the entire British Occupation zone and in 1946 it was indeed adopted
for this territory. |
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Shortly after Saxony was conquered by
Charlemagne it is written in the 10th century by Widukind of Corvey that the Saxons had a „signum … sacrum, leonis atque
draconis et desuper aquilæ volantis insignitum effigie”. [1] (The
holy emblem, a lion together with a dragon and a flying eagle above) Accordingly, and
also according to the 13th century Sachsenspiegel of Eike von Repgow, the
duke of Saxony had a lion as a symbol. This lion, however, seems to have been
introduced only in the 12th century when Henry the Proud received the
imperial insignia, together with the duchy of Saxony from his father-in-law
king Lothar of Supplinburg in 1137. From his short reign (1137-’38) a coin is
preserved showing a lion passant. |
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Penny of Henry the Proud from the mint of Brunswick V°: Legend X HEINR... X CA. Lion passant to the dexter R°.: Unreadable legend (Æ 26,1 mm; 0,85 g.) |
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Henry the Lion As
depicted in his Gospels (1173-’89) [2] |
Of his successor Albrecht the Bear (1138-’42) no
such badge of rank is known. The idea was developed by Henry the Lion
(1142-’80) son of Henri the Proud, whose seal and coins show a lion. Also he
erected a lion-statue in his
castle of Brunswick in 1166. On this seal, the authenticity of which is not
free from doubt, Henry bears a shield with a lion:
Equestrian seal. Arms: Lion. L.: HENRICVS
DEI GRA DVX BAWARIE 7 SAXONIE. On a document
of 1154.06.03 (St.
A. Hannover, Hild. Or., Riechenberg 2. Ancient reproduction in the Origines Guelfica III, Tafel 1)[3] A confirmation of the assumption that the shield of Henry the Lionhas ever been charged with a lion is given by the seal of the city of Schwerin, founded by Henry in 1160. This shows a rider on |
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horseback with a
shield charged with a lion passant and
has the inscription: X DVX * HENRICVS * ET *
SIGILLVM * CIVITATIS * ZVERIN. It is supposed that with the knight
Henry the Lion is meant, even when the date of the seal is 1255, about sixty
years after his death. On a seal
from 1161 however, he bears a shield with a thunderbolt.
Equestrian seal of Henry the Lion, 1161 Arms: Thunderbolt. Pennon: 3 tails L.: (X) heinricvs . dei . gracia . dvx . bawarie . et saxoni(e).. (Wolfenbüttel,
Niedersächsisches Staatsarchiv, 24 Urk. 3: 1146). [4] The shield represents a function, probably of
a bailiff or army commander, but not the rank of a duke. In the time of this
seal Henry ended his crusades against the Wends to which he had been
compelled in 1147. On his coins a lion is clearly visible:
Coins of Henry the Lion
struck in Brunswick. Showing a lion passant and the castle of Brunswick
(7,8,9,10 & 14) [5] |
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Lion of Brunswick, 1166 Original
in the Castle of Dankwarderode, formerly on the square of the castle. |
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At the Reichstag in Erfurt in November 1181 Henry was
deposed in his duchies and degraded, the Emperor promising him to
rehabilitate him in his rank in the future. For this reason it is probable
that also his badge of rank, being the lion passant was taken from him. This
may be the reason why the so-called lion’s dalmatica, which he could have
worn at his degradation, is preserved in Halberstadt, the Cathedral of
Halberstadt having been destroyed for a part by Henry the Lion in 1179. No
indication that this dalmatica was worn by Henry at the ceremony however is
given as it is only said that Henry knelt before the emperor and was rised by
him.
Medallion enclosing a lion On
the Lion’s Dalmatica of Halberstadt (Treasury of Halberstadt Cathedral, inv.
nr. 117). Nevertheless
it may be very likely, that this dalmatica has been the property of Henry the
Lion as no other prince in the region could have afforded such a precious
piece, fitting exactly to his rank, nor is it known that any other prince
there had the rank of a duke but he.[6] Also, it is remarkable that the
style of the medallions enclosing the lions is the same as of the medallions
on the background of his portrait in his gospels (enclosing a cock). |
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Certainly,
the lion was readopted according to the promise of Frederick Barbarossa after
Henry had returned from his exile in 1185. On his seals used between 1185 and
his death in 1195, there was a lion passant again, surrounded by the legend sigillvm henrici dvcis. (the names
Saxonie, Bavarie or of any other territory missing, according to the
verdict). It is remarkable that this lion was not on a shield, nor that the duke
was depicted as a knight on horseback, indicating that he also had lost his
dignity of a warrior. At the time, he was of the age of 46 to 66. [7] After his death the lion was
adopted by both his sons William and Otto in Brunswick and Lüneburg, the lion
still being the badge of rank of a duke. The
successors of Henry the Lion as a duke of Saxony did not adopt the lion as a
badge of rank. Bernard of Anhalt bore a coat of arms composed of the eagle of
his father who was a margrave of Brandenburg, and a barry of Or and Sable,
which were the colours of the Hohenstaufen party and probably the colours of
the Ascanian dynasty. His successors bore these arms as a coat of arms of the
Ascanian dynasty, younger branches treating it as such by adding new charges
like a bendlet or a crown of rue. These arms were adopted by the successors
of the House of Ascania-Wittenberg, Dukes and Electors of Saxony from the
House of Wettin. For the
many branches of the House of Wettin, Dukes of Saxony a barry of Or and
Sable, a crown of rue per bend Vert, became the shared coat of arms. |
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After the
dissolution of the Duchy of Saxony a horse became the symbol of the Saxons as
well as of Saxony, the german name of “Sachsen”
the denomination of both the people and the territory. A
peculiar piece may attract our attention in this context. It is a bracteate,
probably struck in Erfurt at an uncertain date at the end of the 12th
century, showing a horse.[8]
Bracteate, probably Erfurt, about 1200 The piece
is unique because on other bracteates, when a horse is depicted, it is always
mounted by a knight in armour with a shield, the knight on horseback being the ruler of a certain territory,
sometimes indicated by the legend. [9] In other
words, on this bracteate the ruler is missing and for this reason the horse
may symbolize a territory without a ruler, the duchy of Saxony missing his
ruler being a candidate at the time. |
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Certainly the allegation is highly hypothetical
if there had not been another early testimony of a horse in relation with the
the duchy of Saxony. This is given by Conrad von Mure in his Clipearius
Teutonicorum vs. 8-9 in which he versifies: Albus equus rubeo clipeo regis solet esse / Ungarici, nec equo frenum,
nec sella deesse. [10] This is only comprehensible if we read Angarici instead of Ungarici, the ‘A’ in mediaval script
often taken for an U. [11] This would make the arms
described (a white horse with a bridle and saddle on a red shield) not
of the King of Hungary but of Engern or Angaria, the part of former Saxony
ruled by the archbishop-elector of Cologne. Such a horse is documented by the Wijnbergne
Roll of arms from the second half of the 13th century
Le Roy de Poulenne 1 269 Gules, a rearing horse Argent. L.: le
Roy de poulenne. (Wijnbergen
n° 1296, fig. 106). This is probably the coat of arms of the poulains, (Saxon-) knights in the Holy
Land. After
this, the Saxon horse became the common denominator for the main saxon principalities.
Seal of Henry III of Schwerin, 1334 St.
A. Hanover, Celle Or. 100 St. Michaelis Lüneburg Nr. 244 In 1334 the horse appeared on the seal of count Henry III of Schwerin. Schwerin had been captured by Henry the Lion in 1160 and had become a county in 1161. Schwerin became a saxon fief again in 1227 and remained so until it was sold to the House of Mecklenburg in 1357.[12] As a result the horse disappeared. The counts of Schwerin bore: per fess Gules and Or. Their arms first appeared in 1326. [13]
Seal of the Dukes Albrecht II of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen to
Salzderhelden (left) and Johann of Braunschweig
Grubenhagen (right) St.
A. Wolfenbüttel. In 1361
the horse appeared in Brunswick on the seals of duke Albrecht II of
Braunschweig-Grubenhagen to Salzderhelden and of duke Johann of Braunschweig
Grubenhagen.[14]. Somewhat later, in 1362, the
horse was introduced as a crest on the arms of Otto the Angry of
Braunschweig-Göttingen and in 1374 on the seal of Ernst of
Braunschweig-Wolffenbüttel [15] It has to
be noticed that the horse is bridled and saddled now, the Saxons of Brunswick
being ruled by the the House of Welf!
Seals of Otto the Angry of Brunswick-Göttingen (left) and Ernst of
Braunschweig-Wolffenbüttel (right) St.
A. Hannover, Dep. 19 v. Grote-Jühnde A 1
& Engraving from Von Praun’s Siegelkabinett. Hist. Verein f.
Niedersachsen 1046 fol., Nr. 183. From then
on the horse was a part of the heraldry of Brunswick. At the same time these
princes bore their common dynastic arms of Gules, two lions passant Or, thus
making a difference between the arms of the dukes of Brunswick and the arms
of Saxony. Certainly
for reasons of propaganda, that is to say to demonstrate the claims of the
House of Welf on the duchy of Saxony after the Golden Bull of Eger (1356),
the horse was made the ancient arms of Brunswick in the Codex Seffken from
about 1379/’80, thus tracing the arms with the horse back to the origin of
the duchy. [16]
Arms and crest of Brunswick in the Armorial Von den Ersten (Codex
Seffken). In the
beginning of the 15th century the horse was introduced on the arms of the
duchy of Westfalen, after 1180 in the posession of the Archbisshop-Elector of
Cologne. In 1442 Dietrich of Moers (1414-’63) was enfeoffed with three
banners: dat eine was dat gesticht von Koelne, ind dat ander dat herrigdom
van Westphalen, ind dat dirde dat gesticht von Palburne (= Paderborn). On these banners were the arms of
Cologne (Argent, a cross Sable), Paderborn (Argent, a cross Gules) and on the
third the white horse on a red field. This is confirmed by the armorial of
Berghammer from about the same time in which the arms are given as: Gules, a
horse saliant Argent (Bergshammer, fol. 11 r°, n° 75: h westvalen [17]). Probably the arms were
introduced to confirm the possession of Westfalen against the claims of the
House of Wettin which had inherited the title of Duke of Saxony from the
House of Ascania-Wittenberg which had died out in 1422. Probably
because of the resemblance of the arms of Angaria/Engern and (the new) arms
of Westphalen, the arms of Angaria were changed at the beginning of the 16th
century into: Gules, three hearts Or 2&1. It appeared for the first time
on a stained glass-window in Cologne Cathedral, depicting Herman of Hesse
(1480-1508). [18] The House of Ascania-Lauenburg
which had also a claim on Engern introduced Argent, three waterlily-leaves
Gules 2&1 after 1422. At the end of the 15th century a parti of
Sable and Argent appeared on an engraving of Lucas Cranach the Elder but this
was almost immediately replaced by the three waterlily leaves again.
Archbishop Herman of Hesse of Cologne. On
a stained window in Cologne Cathedral. His arms are: 2Í4: Cologne, Hessen, Paderborn, Westfalen,
Engern, Ziegenhain, Arnsberg, Nidda.
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In the
nineteenth century the saxon horse was also adopted by Prussia, the new owner
of saxon territories: in 1817 for the province of Westfalen and in 1866 for
the province of Hannover For all
these owners of parts of Saxony alias Lower Saxony, that is to say:
Saxony-Schwerin (†1357) , Saxony-Brunswick (†1946) and Saxony-Cologne (=
Westfalen-Engern †1946), Saxony was the common denominator symbolized by the
horse. After WWI
the grand ducal arms of Brunswick were abandoned and the white horse became
the arms of the Freestate of Brunswick. In 1933
former Saxony was divided in seven NSDAP-Gaue (districts), two of
which showing a horse on a red field: that is to say
Süd-Hannover-Braunschweig and Westfalen-Nord (the horse Or, instead of
Argent). The arms of the other parts of NSDAP-Saxony being: Magdeburg Anhalt,
Ost-Hannover, Weser-Ems and Westfalen-Süd showing the arms of Magdeburg and
Anhalt, the city of Lüneburg (the colors inversed), of the duchy of Oldenburg
and the arms of the city of Bochum (Vert, a book Sable, ist pages Azure, its
locks and binding Argent) respectively. The Arms of the NSDAP-Gaue 1933-1945 |
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Gau Magdeburg Anhalt Capital: Magdeburg |
Gau Ost-Hannover Capital:
Lüneburg |
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Gau Hannover-Braunschweig Capital
Hannover |
Gau Weser-Ems Capial
Oldenburg |
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Gau Westfalen-Nord Capital:
Münster |
Gau Westfalen Süd Capital: Bochum |
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In the
13th century the white rearing horse on a red field were the arms of the Poulains,
(European-) knights which had permanently settled in the Holy Land. It is not
known however if these knights were of Saxon origin and named after their
emblem (poulain = new born horse/foal) or that they had adopted the
arms with the horse at random. [19] Other
rulers adopted the white horse to demonstrate a claim on the duchy. From 1560
it was a part of the arms of the counts of Savoye who allegated that they
descended from duke Widukind. To demonstrate their claim their arms were
augmented with the white horse of Westfalen, the waterlily-leaves of
Lauenburg-Angaria and the crown of rue of the Ascanian dukes of Wittenberg. In 1826
the white horse also appeared in the arms of Saxony-Altenburg and
Saxony-Coburg and Gotha (which had never been a part of Saxony) Today,
the white horse is a part of the arms of Nordrhein-Westfalen. It is also the arms of the land
Niedersachsen, in fact the successor of the Duchy of Saxony. |
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In 1945 former
Saxony was occupied by the Canadian and British 21st Army Group of which the
arms showed: |
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Arms: Gules, a cross Azure charged with
two swords in saltire Or. On
certain publications these arms were augmented with the British Imperial State
Crown and a listel with dates and places of operations of the Group. Below
are the flags of France and the United Kingdom. |
From:
http://www.airgraph.com/keeton4.html |
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The Diet of Lower Saxony decided on 3 April 1951 to adopt the
Lower-Saxon horse as an emblem. On Art. 1, section 2 of the Provisional
constitution of Lower Saxony of 13
April 1951 it was decreed that: »Niedersachsen führt als Wappen das weiße Roß
im roten Felde.« By law of 13 October
1952 (GVBl. S. 169 § 1) about arms, flag and seal of the Stae of
Niedersachsen it was decreed that the arms is a red shield with a white
rearing horse to the dexter. The arms were drawn by Gustav Völker. Æ see illustration in the head of
this essay. The Larger Seal shows the horse on a circular
field and the seal of the Minister-President the horse within the legend: DER «NIEDERSÄCHSISCHE «
MINSTERPRÄSIDENT · |
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Larger Seal of State |
Seal of the Minister-President |
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The symbol or logo of Lower Saxony showed the
white horse on a red disc:
The present decree about the use of the arms
and the seal reads:
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The German
Army was reestablished in 1955. From1956 until 2006 the Land Lower Saxony was
the southern part of the Wehrbereichskommando I Küste (Territorial Command I,
Coast) divided into four Verteidigungsbezirkskommandos (Defense Districts
Commands (VBK): nrs 20, 23, 24 and 25. |
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1956-2001 |
2001-2006 |
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Wehrbereichcommando I Küste The
ship is the ship of the arms of the NATO Armed Forces North (AFNORTH) (Azure, a Viking ship Argent, its sails paly
Argent and Gules, its shields Gules) |
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VBK 20 |
VBK 23 |
VBK24 |
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VBK25 |
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From 2007
the Federal Army in Lower Saxony is organised in the Landeskommando
Niedersachsen (Territorial Command Lower Saxony).
Landeskommando
Niedersachsen (2007-) |
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According
to Section 3, 3.2.2 of the
decree about the Arms, Seal, Service Shield and Logo the shield of the service on the police
offices is a blue rectangular shield surrounded by a white line, charged with
a twelve-pointed police-star with the saxon horse in the middle, and the
inscription POLIZEI
below, all white. The star of the police is twelve pointed and shows the
arms of Lower Saxony in full color. |
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Police Star |
Police Office Shield |
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Sleeve-patch (ancient 1) |
Sleeve-patch (ancient 2) |
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Sleeve-patch (new) |
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© Hubert de Vries 2012-07-03. Updated
2020-01-19
Heraldry of the World