England
Achievements
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591 - 616 |
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616 - 627 |
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The most
striking and well-known example of the use of an eagle is the north-german
style eagle on the shield of Sutton Hoo. This has been found in a ship used for
the interment of an East Anglian king from the middle of the 7th century,
probably Rædwald (†625).[1] The interment in a ship makes his
relationship with the sea visible. The eagle may be explained by the fact that Rædwald is on the list of bretwaldas, king of Britain as given
by the english historian Bede. [2]
Ornamental Purse-lid from Sutton Hoo One of
the items found together with the shield is a purse-lid decorated with
ornaments of eagles and quadrupeds arranged in achievements. The one
in the centre shows two ducks (a drake and a duck?) respecting “presented” to
each other by two eagles. The meaning of this arrangement is unclear. On both
sides of this there are standing men supported by two lions (or controlling two lions). This is an
achievement which is also known from merovingian France
and perhaps symbolizes the office of a count palatine. In the
chief there are four quadrupeds, probably wolves, intertwined with serpents (?)
of which the symbolic meaning is also unclear. |
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627 - 632 |
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633 - 641 |
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Another
occurrence of the anglo-saxon eagle is in the recently unearthed 7th or 8th century
Staffordshire Hoard (found at Hammerwich; not yet analyzed). This contains a
crumpled pair of eagles and consequently is probably a part of booty taken
from a vanquished bretwalda. For
this vanquished bretwalda King Oswald of Northumbria (633-642) is an
acceptable candidate because he died in battle against Penda of Mercia at the
Battle of Maserfield, dated by Bede to 5 August 642.
The anglo-saxon eagles from the Staffordshire Hoard.
CM Reconstruction of the pair of eagles [3] It shows
an achievement of a fish,
supported by two eagles. The meaning of the fish is not clear in this context
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641 - 670 |
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ca. 735 - 757 |
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757 - 796 |
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Beorhtric |
King of Wessex 786-802 |
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Ecgberht |
802-839 Bretwalda 829-839 |
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Aethelwulf |
839-855 |
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Another pair
of eagles, but of a more roman fashion occurs on the ring of King Aethelwulf
of Wessex, a successor of the last bretwalda
listed by the Anglo-Saxdon chronicle. On this ring the eagles serve as
supporters of a pillar crested by a square cross.
Gold ring of
Æthelwulf, King of Wessex (839-’58) Such a
roman styled eagle is also on coins of Norse king Anlaf Guthfridsson who had
settled in York, the former capital of Brittany. Not long after an eagle is
on a coin of king Æthelred II from the House of Wessex. In 957-959 Wessex had conquered Northumbria
and Title
(object)
Æthelwulf Ring Description Gold finger-ring
decorated in the Trewhiddle style, the hoop flat and rising in front to a
high mitre-shaped bezel. In the triangular portion a conventional 'tree',
which divides the field into two halves, is flanked by two peacocks, all
reserved in the metal upon a ground of niello. In the two lower corners are
panels with foliage in relief without niello. The two discs with rosettes,
which form part of the central ' tree', are treated in the same manner.
Around the hoop is the nielloed inscription, preceded by a cross. The back of
the hoop has a circle containing a rosette upon a nielloed ground, flanked by
foliate designs, one of which is interlaced. More : School/style Trewhiddle
style Culture/period Late
Anglo-Saxon Date
828-858 Findspot Found/Acquired:
Laverstock, Found in a cart rut. (Europe,United Kingdom,
England, Wiltshire, Laverstock) Technique
relief nielloed inlaid Dimensions Æ 2.8 centimetres
(max) Height: 3.048 c1.2 inches Weight: 285 grains Inscription
+
ETHELVVLF RX (= Ethelwulf Rex) Inv.
Nr. British Museum nr. 1829,1114.1 |
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Aethelberht |
860-865-/6 |
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Aethelred I |
865/6-871 |
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Edward II of Caernarvon |
*1284-†1327 Heir of the Throne 1284-1307 Prince of Wales 1301-1307 Earl of Chester 1301-1320 King of England 1307-1327 |
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Later, the lions became the usual supporters
for the royal arms, replacing the dragons. By the House of Lancaster the
supporters were of a arbitrary kind but the were cnsolidated as the unicorn of Scotland and the lion for
England under the House of Stewart.
Four lions around his throne
Embroidered cap for the Seal of Edward II. 8 June
1319 Arms: Gules,
three lions passant guardant Or Crown: Three crowns Supporters: Two dragons |
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Edward III |
*1312-†1377 Earl of Chester 1320 Duke of Aquitaine 1325-1375 Duke of Gascony 1325-1337 Duke of Guienne 1325-1375 Count of Ponthieu 1325-1375 King of England 1327 ∞ 1329 Philippa of Hainault *1314-†1369 Tit. King of France 1337/1340-1360 Roman King 10.01.1348-23.04.1348 |
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First seal of
majesty of Edward III Sandford, p.123 Edward on his throne between the lions
passant guardant of his arms L.: EDWARDVS DEI
GRACIA REX AGLIE DOMINVS HIBERNIE ET DVX AQUITANIE
Seal of majesty,
1340 Sandford, p.124 Edward seated between two lions sejant
guardant, crowned and with sceptre and orb, between two coats of arms
quarterly of France and England. The royal title now augmented with France L.: X : edwardVs : dei : gracia : rex : francie et : anglie : et : dominVs :
hybernie :
Entrance Trinity College, Cambridge University |
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Richard II |
*1367-†1400 1377-1399 ¥ Anne of Bohemia 1382 ¥ Isabella of Valois 1396 |
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Seal of Richard II Sandford, p.190 Richard between the arms quarterly and two
lions sejant guardant. In base a
seraphine L: RICARDUS DEI GRACIA REX FRANCIE ET NGLIES ET DNS HIBERNIE |
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House of
Lancaster |
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Henry IV |
1399-1413 |
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The ampulla, representing an eagle, after
having been lost for a time, was again used at the coronation of Henry IV. The Royal Arms remained of a strewn with
fleurs de lis in the first and fourth quarters until 1411, when upon the
second Great Seal of Henry IV. the fleurs-de-lis in England (as in France)
were reduced to three in number, and so remained as part of the Royal Arms of
this country until the latter part of the reign of George III. |
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Henry V |
1413-1422 |
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From: The wedding of Henry V and Catherine de
Valois, 2 June 1420 Chroniques de
Fance où de St, Denis, 1487 British Library,
MS Royal 20 E VI, f. 9v Arms: ¼ of
France modern and England Crest:
On aducal hat a lion passant Or Supporters:
D.: A dragon Gules; S. A greyhound Argent, collared Or. |
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Henry VI |
*1421-†1471 1422-1461 |
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Act with achievment during his minority Arms: ¼ of
France (m) and England. Crest: On
a ducal hat a lion passant guardant Or Order: Of the
Garter Supporters:
D.: a crowned lion guardant Or, and S.: A yale Argent, tufted, haltered with a crown and shackled Or. * The Yale
was known to Pliny and the medieval bestiarists and is probably a garbled
version of a real animal. The Lancaster yale is of the build of an antelope
with a lion’s tail and is black or very dark brown in colour; but it has, of
course, the fierce tushes in the lower yaw and the swiveling horns, which are
his distinguishing feature, though in this case they are long and straight. [4]
Kings College Cambridge Royal Coat of Arms of King
Henry VI, 1441 Crown: Of
six hoops, three crosses and two lilies. Supporters.:
Two yales tufted, horned and haltered with a crown and shackled Or. Motto: DIEU ET MON DROIT
King’s College, Cambridge. Founder’s Charter upon
Act of Parliament, 16 March 1446 (deatail) the Lords and
Commons petition Henry VI, who prays for his College. The Virgin and St.
Nicholas the patron saints of the College, are shown above. [5] Achievement: Arms: ¼ of
France (mod) and England Crown: A
closed crown of five leaves Supporters:
Two multicoloured angels. Elswhere on this leaf the arms of St. Edward
and St Edmund both supported by a multicoloured angel and, in the middle the
arms of France (modern): |
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Edward the
Confessor |
St. Edmund |
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Generally speaking, until the reign of Henry
VI, the royal diadem was an open circlet adorned with fleurs-de-lys or
stylised leaves. The crown of Henry VI was of
fleurs de lis, square crosses and three hoops. The crown of his queen
of fleurs de lis and square crosses only. 1445 The arms of King Henry VI and his queen,
Margaret of Anjou (¥ 1445). The latter impales the
Royal arms of England with her own quartered shield showing Hungary, Naples,
Jerusalem, Anjou, Bar and Lorraine. 1445 The arms of King Henry VI and his
queen, Margaret of Anjou (¥ 1445). The latter impales the Royal arms of England
with her own quartered shield and a sinister half showing Hungary, Naples,
Jerusalem, Anjou, Bar and Lorraine. It is crowned of a crown of five fleurs de
lis and four square crosses pattée and
supported by a the lancastrian yale and the eagle of Lorraine.
Royal Seal of Queen Margaret of Anjou Sigillum Margarete
Dei gratia regine anglie et francie et domine hibernie filie regis sicilie et
ier’lm. |
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House of York |
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Edward IV |
1461-1470 Kight of the Fleece. n° 65, Brugge 1468 |
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Achievement of Edward IV Master of the
London Wavrin. BL. Ms Royal 15E IV fol.14 [6] Arms: ¼ of
France and Engeland. Crest:, a
Lion passant guardant crested of a
fleur de lis Or on Lambrequines Gules and Argent Order: Of
the Garter Supporters:
Two lions sejant Argent |
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House of Lancaster |
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Henry VI |
1470-1471 |
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House of York |
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Edward V |
1471-1483 |
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Richard III |
*1452-†1485 1483-1485 |
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House of Tudor |
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Henry VII |
*1457-†1509 1485-1509 |
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Achievement of Henry VII, 1504 National Archives nr. E 33 / 2 Henry used a crown imperial (arched over),
indicating that he ruled over the entire realm of England and Wales. Also on
the coat of arms are the white greyhound of Richmond, for his father, and the
red dragon of Cadwaladr. |
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Henry VIII |
1509-1547 |
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Achievement: Arms: ¼
France and Plantagenet; Crown: A
closed royal crown Supporters:
A cowned lion and a dragon Mottoi: dieu et
mon droit. The arms between two roses the Garter missing
(From: Willement, Thomas: Regal Heraldry. London, 1821.) 1515 The royal title was enlarged by Henry
VIII in 1515 with the qualification: Fidei
Defensor. (Defender of the Faith).
The inscription shows that the work was a gift for Francis Walsingham, to whose family its provenance can be traced. Along the bottom, it reads: "THE QUENE. TO. WALSINGHAM. THIS. TABLET. SENTE. MARKE. OF. HER. PEOPLES. AND HER. OWNE. CONTENTE". Inscription around the frame: "A FACE OF MUCHE NOBILLITYE LOE IN A LITLE ROOME. FOWR STATES WITH THEYR CONDITIONS HEARE SHADOWED IN. A SHOWE A FATHER MORE THEN VALYANT. A RARE AND VERTUOUS SOON. A ZEALUS DAUGHTER IN HER KIND WHAT ELS THE WORLD DOTH KNOWE. AND LAST OF ALL A VYRGIN QUEEN TO ENGLANDS JOY WE SEE SUCCESSYVELY TO HOLD THE RIGHT, AND VERTUES OF THE THREE". Mixing portraiture and allegory, the painting anachronistically shows Henry VIII, his three children, and Queen Mary's husband, Philip of Spain, alongside figures from mythology. Henry sits on his throne in the centre, with his son Edward, the future Edward VI, kneeling beside him receiving the sword of justice. Henry died in 1547, but on the left of the picture his daughter Mary is shown next to Philip, whom she didn't marry until 1554 when she was queen, with Mars, god of war, behind them, symbolising the wars they fought. Elizabeth, by contrast, stands on the right of the picture holding the hand of Peace, who treads the sword of discord underfoot, as Plenty attends with her cornucopia. Painted in Elizabeth's reign c. 1572, the picture stresses her legitimate descent from the Tudor dynasty and her role as a bringer of peace and prosperity to the realm. Owing to a similarity of style and composition with Lucas de Heere's Solomon and the Queen of Sheba (1559) and other works, the art historian Roy Strong has attributed the work to de Heere; the art scholar and curator Karen Hearn, however, regards the attribution as speculative. Another source for the composition may be the anachronistic (Queen Jane Seymour died shortly after giving birth to Prince Edward) group portrait The Family of Henry VIII (c. 1545). Prototypes for the portraits have been detected in paintings by Holbein (Henry), Scrots (Edward), Mor (Mary and Philip), and, less confidently, Hilliard (Elizabeth). (Reference: Hearn, pp. 81–82.) |
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Edward VI |
1547-1553 |
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Changed the title of “Dominus Hibernie” into “Hibernie
Rex”.
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House of
Suffolk |
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Jane |
1553 |
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House of
Tudor |
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Mary |
1553-1558 |
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The achievement of Philip and Mary on Windsor Castle Arms: Impaled of Spain
and England Crown: A royal crown of
three hoops Order: of the Garter Supporters: A crowned eagle in
the dexter and a crowned lion guardant on the sinister Motto: Truth is the
daughter of time |
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Eilzabeth I |
1558-1603 |
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St. Catherine’s church. Ludham, Norfolk Arms: ¼ of France modern
and England Crown: A royal
crown of five hoops Order: Of the
Garter Supporters: Dexter a cowned
lion guardant Or and sinister a dragon Gules. The inscription
reads: I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ / long live queen Elizabeth |
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To: United Kingdom, Achievement |
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© Hubert de Vries 2019-05-02
Heraldry of the World
