ROSSIJA
Россия
|
|
||||||||||||
|
In the
second half of the ninth century, Oleg, a Novgorod prince, took Kiev and made
it the capital of his empire. The first Christian monarch of Kiev was
Princess Olga († 969), regent from 945-960. She traveled to Constantinople
and was received by Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenetos (945-959). She
was also baptized there, with Constantine allegedly acting as godfather. This
journey is considered the beginning of the Empire of Kiev. Later in her reign
she also sent envoys to Otto I requesting a bishop and priests. In the 11th
and 12th centuries there were contacts with Constantinople as well as with
the west, such as with France, Norway and Hungary. Her son,
Sviatoslav I still professed the pagan animist faith, but her grandson
Volodymir (980-1015) established Byzantine Orthodox Christianity in Kiev.
Kiev became a Byzantine ecclesiastical province headed by a metropolitan
clergyman with a rank between patriarch and archbishop. This metropolitan was appointed by the
Patriarch of Constantinople. In 1232 a Roman Catholic diocese was established
in Kiev. In 1299 the Metropolis was moved to Vladimir and in 1328, under Ivan
I Kalita (1325-1340) to Moscow. Although
ties with Constantinople remained close, the grand dukes of Kiev did not
become vassals of the Byzantine emperors, but remained sovereign. Administratively,
the Empire of Kyiv was a confederation of several independent principalities
strongly linked by language, culture and religion, as well as by economic,
political and dynastic ties. In the mid-11th century, there were eight
principalities: Kiev, Chernigov, Pereiaslav (Poltava), Halych-Volyn
(Galicia), Polatsk (Polotzk),
Smolensk, Rostov-Suzdal (later Vladimir-Suzdal) and Novgorod.
Each had its own prince, usually related to the Grand Duke of Kiev and
subordinate to him. Furthermore, members of the family often ruled various
principalities during their careers. Yaroslav I (1019-1054) determined that
the eldest son of the Grand Duke of Kiev would succeed not only in Kiev but
also in Novgorod, so that the two principalities were closely linked. After the
reign of Mstyslav I (1125-1132), Halicz and Vladimir also developed as
political, cultural and trade centers. In 1169, Prince Andreas Bogoliubski
tried unsuccessfully to move the center of the Russian empire from Kiev to
Vladimir. However, the hegemony of Kiev was then over and the last Grand Duke
of Kiev, Gleb, reigned from 1169 to 1171. In the east of the area, the
Principality of Vladimir seceded from Kiev in 1176. This principality (grand
duchy from 1195) continued to exist until 1389. However, the city remained
the capital of Russia until it was taken by the Mongols under Batu Khan in
December 1240. Novgorod, Halicz and Vladimir-Suzdal subsequently emerged as
independent principalities, but although Halicz and Vladimir tried to take
Kiev's place, they failed. Apart from Polotsk, the Russian principalities
became indebted to the Golden Horde after the capture of Kiev. Like the
other Russian principalities, Daniel of Galicia also had to recognize the
suzerainty of the Tatar Empire of the Golden Horde, established in 1241, although
no Tatar observers stayed in his country. In 1245 he was summoned to Sarai on
the lower Volga, where he was confirmed prince of the Galician-Volhynian
Empire and king of the Russians. In 1253 he was crowned King of the Russian
(Regis Rusie) by a nuncio of Pope Innocent IV (1243-’54) in the town of
Dorohychyn. [1] Notwithstanding
his recognition by Batu Khan, Daniel pursued a policy directed against the
Tatars. In this context, he fortified the cities following a Western example.
At the same time he founded the new cities of Lvov and Chelm. During the
construction of a keep near the last town, a large stone was built in the
facade on which a crowned two headed eagle was carved. For example, the
Russian Ipatievsky Chronicle writes: “A mile from the city is a brick keep on
which stands an eagle carved in stone; and the height of the stone is 10
cubits with the heads, and with the supports 12 cubits. " (1 cubit =
here approx. 62 cm). From the plural 'heads' it could be deduced that this is
a two headed eagle The chronicle also mentions that a Byzantine master
builder by the name of Audios built the cathedral in Chelm, so it is quite
possible that he also built the keep and is responsible for the two headed
eagle. [2]) We find this two headed eagle later in the
coat of arms of the Polish city of Przemysl. [3]) Usually this two headed eagle is
depicted in gold on a blue field. After the
Rurik family became extinct in Galicia in 1340, the title of King of Russia
also disappeared there. The last Khan of the Golden Horde, Uzbek, died in
1341. In 1349
Galicia was annexed by Poland and in 1370 Kiev was taken by the Grand Duke
Algirdas of Lithuania, leaving the entire Mongolian part of Russia in the
hands of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. In the
interim between the extinction of the Rurikids in Galicia and the conquest of
Kiev by Algirdas, the two-headed eagle appears once more, by the Grand Duke
of Moscow and Vladimir, Ivan II the Gentle (1353 -59). On an icon, this
monarch wears a green cloak studded with golden two headed eagles. The
caption and the crown he wears are both in Byzantine tradition. From 1386
onwards, the Polish Kings and Grand Dukes of Lithuania from the House of
Jagiello, to whom Galicia had fallen, called themselves Hæres Russiæ (heirs of Russia). While the
western part of Russia was conquered by Lithuania in the 14th century, Moscow
developed in the East. After conquering the surrounding principalities,
Moscow was able to withdraw its indebtedness to the remnants of the Golden
Horde in 1480. Not long afterwards, Ivan III, the Great, adopted the style of
Monarch over all of Russia. In 1491 he had his entire title carved in stone
in Latin and Russian on the Frolov Gate of the Spassky Tower in Moscow. It
read: “In the Julian year 6999 this tower was built by the grace of God by
order of Ivan, son of Wassily, regent and sole ruler of All Russia and Grand
Duke of Vladimir and Moscow and Novgorod and Pskow and Tver and Jugria and
Vyatka and Perm. and Bulgaria etc. in the 30th year of his reign by Peter
Antonie from the city of Milan. ” This
title also appears on his seals. His son Wassily also called himself a tsar.
Under Ivan the Terrible the fully developed title occurs: By the Grace of God
Tsar and Grand Prince Iwan Wassiljevič Lord of All Russia, Vladimir,
Moscow, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Lord of Pskow and Grand
Duke of Smolensk, Tver, Ugorsk , Perm, Viatka, Bulgaria & c. . The
structure of the title corresponds to the Byzantine title and xpiσtω tω θeω πiσtoσ baσieyσ kai aytokptωp pωmaiωn in which the title 'Basileus' is thus
placed before the title' Autokrator 'as in the Russian case the title' царь і велікіь '' the title 'господарь'. The titles 'Tsar' and
'Gospodar' can thus be properly regarded as the Russian translation of the
Greek titles 'Basileus' and 'Autokrator'. The title of the Russian tsars thus
followed the Byzantine and not the Roman tradition. From 1386
onwards, the Polish Kings and Grand Dukes of Lithuania from the House of
Jagiello, to whom Galicia had fallen, called themselves Hæres Russiæ (heirs
of Russia). While the
western part of Russia was conquered by Lithuania in the 14th century, Moscow
developed in the East. After conquering the surrounding principalities,
Moscow was able to withdraw its indebtedness to the remnants of the Golden
Horde in 1480. Not long afterwards, Ivan III, the Great, adopted the style of
Monarch over all of Russia. In 1491 he had his entire title carved in stone
in Latin and Russian on the Frolov Gate of the Spassky Tower in Moscow. It
read: “In the Julian year 6999 this tower was built by the grace of God by
order of Ivan, son of Wassily, regent and sole ruler of All Russia and Grand
Duke of Vladimir and Moscow and Novgorod and Pskow and Tver and Jugria and
Vyatka and Perm. and Bulgaria etc. in the 30th year of his reign by Peter
Antonie from the city of Milan. ” [4] This
title also appears on his stamps. His son Wassily also called himself a tsar.
Under Ivan the Terrible the fully developed title occurs: By the Grace of God
Tsar and Grand Prince Iwan Wassiljevič Lord of All Russia, Vladimir,
Moscow, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Lord of Pskow and Grand
Duke of Smolensk, Tver, Ugorsk, Perm, Viatka, Bulgaria &c. The structure
of the title corresponds to the Byzantine title and xpiσtω tω θeω πiσtoσ baσieyσ kai aytokptωp pωmaiωn in which
the title 'Basileus' is thus placed before the title 'Autokrator 'as in the
Russian case the title “царь і велікіь” the title 'господарь'. The titles 'Tsar' and
'Gospodar' can thus be properly regarded as the Russian translation of the
Greek titles 'Basileus' and 'Autokrator'. The title of the Russian tsars thus
followed the Byzantine and not the Roman tradition. [5] After the
Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI in 1721, Peter I, the Great usurped the
(Roman) Imperial title, which was worn by the Grand Dukes of Moscow until the
fall of the Romanovs in 1917. In the west, the emperorship was more or less
restored by Josef II and his successors until the Empire was liquidated in
1806. Russia did not prosper in this respect either, because after Peter I,
it was first ruled by his wife and later by three more empresses. Only after
the French era did the Grand Dukes of Moscow become Emperor of Russia,
instead of Emperor, like Napoleon became Emperor of France, Francis I of
Austria and William I became Emperor of Germany. The
Principality of Kiev will be covered in the chapter on Ukraine because Kiev
is now the capital of that country. Vladimir is treated in this book as well
as some other kingdoms and khanates that came after the disintegration of
resp. the Empire of Kiev and the Golden Horde arose (in this case Novgorod,
Astrakhan and Kazan, as well as Siberia, the remnant of the White Horde). The
choice of these areas is determined by the importance that the Grand Dukes
themselves attached to these areas, which should be evident from the fact
that these areas appear in the title and are represented early on with a coat
of arms in the royal and imperial coat of arms. This
chapter is considered the place where the Golden Horde can be dealt with
because it still covered most of Russia, albeit that the power base was not
in Kiev or Moscow but on the lower Volga. On the other hand, the core
possessions of the Grand Dukes of Moscow in the 16th century included both
the old Russian principalities and the main parts of the Golden Horde. In
this sense, the Grand Dukes of Moscow can be regarded as the successors of
the Mongol Khans of the Golden Horde. |
||||||||||||
|
Various symbols can be distinguished 1. The
dynastic arms of the Grand Dukes of Moscow, Kings (Tsars) and Emperors of
Russia. 2. The
symbol and coat of arms of the Grand Prince of Moscow 3. The
coat of arms of the King, later Emperor of Russia. 4. The
symbol of the Kingdom of Russia 5. The
Coat of Arms of Imperial Russia. The
Principality, later Grand Principality of Moscow, existed until the Reforms
of the Empire of Catherine the Great. After that, there was only talk of the
historical Grand Duchy and the government and the city of Moscow. The
Republic of Russia can be regarded as the successor of the kingdom of Russia.
After the revolution, this republic had the form of a socialist federal
council republic (Р.С.Ф.С.Р. R.S.F.S.R.). From 1991 on, Russia was an
ordinary republic again. The
Khanate of the Golden Horde can be regarded the forerunner of the Empire of
Russia or the Greater Russian Empire. During the reign of Peter the Great,
this empire was restored to Imperial Russia, which lasted until 1917. In
1923, the Soviet Union (C.C.C.P. / S.S..S.R.) was established, which
constitutes the whole of Russia and the empire of Genghiz Khan. This Union
was disbanded in 1991. |
||||||||||||
|
Not
surprisingly, the Russian princes followed the Byzantine traditions in their
insignia and regalia. These could go back to St. Vladimir (978-1015) under
whose government the Russian were Christianized and in 988 the Metropolitan
of Kiev was installed. In concrete terms, this means that the symbol of the
rulers in Russia, as elsewhere within the sphere of influence of Byzantium,
was a double eagle, directly corresponding to the title "Basileus"
appearing in the Byzantine imperial title. Indeed, the princes of Kiev could
regard themselves as being equivalent to the Spanish Imperadores of the 12th
century, the Sicilian kings and the Western Emperors, and all those other
important monarchs who at one time used a double eagle as a badge. Unfortunately,
there is no evidence from the time of the Empire of Kiev that the Byzantine
tradition was followed in that regard. Proof that a double eagle was indeed
linked to the Russian kingship comes from Galicia, where the monarch who had
the ambition to be recognized as King of Russia had a double eagle mounted on
a tower in the town of Przemysl. The double eagle of King Daniel (* 1201- †
1266) is treated by A.V. Soloviev: [6]: |
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
Kievan Rus 1235? |
Diocese of Przemysl 1370 |
|||||||||||
|
The Russian Ipatievsky Chronicle (Hypatian Codex) says that Grand Duke
Daniel Romanovic of Galicia paid great attention to the western market towns
in the development of his country. The town he preferred was Cholm which he
decorated with several buildings. Describing this embellishment, the
chronicle writes under the year 1235: “There is a brick keep one mile from
the city; it has a carved stone eagle on it and the height of the stone is 10
cubits with the heads and 12 cubits with the supports. ” [from which S.
deduces that it is a two-headed eagle ...] The chronicle also mentions a
master builder named Audios who came to Galicia from Byzantium and who built
Holm Cathedral. It is therefore possible that this Greek used the imperial
Byzantine emblem to represent the power of an Orthodox prince who even
aspired to be crowned "Rex Russiae" |
||||||||||||
|
View of the tower in Bieławin from around 1860
according to A.Lerue 1900 , Tower / tower in Stołpie. The tower was built at the end of the 12th century. It probably
operated until the end of the 13th century. Next to the tower was a
rectangular stone platform, and in its southern part stood a large wooden
building of unknown purpose, burned at the end of the 13th century. At the
turn of the 13th / 14th century it was destroyed by fire. The ruins of a square keep are located in
Bielavino, 2 km from Chelm; it is a piece of wall of three storeys, the rest fell
into the river. The wall nevertheless still has a height of 22 m. The measure
of 10 cubits (= 6 m) given by the chronicle must therefore refer to the
carved eagle. So it was a beautiful piece of Byzantine sculpture, an enormous
eagle of 6 m. High on a tower of about 24 m. Yet the tradition of the double-headed eagle
in Galicia remained alive. [7] The Polish historian B. Paprocki described
in 1584 all coats of arms of the Polish state and of the Russian provinces.
He says: “The province of Peremysl, [8] which belongs to the Duchy of
Russia, uses a crowned two-headed eagle (no colors given). In the capital
Peremysl, on the river San in a fertile area, there is a castle built on a
mountain by the former Russian princes; she has a black bear as her coat of
arms [9] ”The area Peremysl, this former Russian mark
on the border with Poland, [10] thus had a double eagle fas her
weapon and we are sure that this rests on a Russian-Byzantine tradition from
the 13th or even from the 12th century. [11]) In 1253
Daniel, once again prince of Halicz, was crowned "Rex Russiae" by a nuncio of Pope Innocent IV in Dorohicyn.
However, the accompanying symbol was no longer a double eagle as in the
Byzantine tradition, but a black eagle on a white field in the Roman
tradition. This coat of arms would live on in the coat of arms of the city of
Halicz and the principality of Cernychov. [12] |
||||||||||||
|
The black eagle in Russia
A seal of Novgorod from te beginning of he 15th
century |
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
Halicz |
Polotsk |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
Rawski |
Cernigov in the
Titularnike of 672. |
|||||||||||
|
|
A Russian
ruler from the House of Rurik is known to have used a two-headed eagle as his
emblem. It can be seen on the frame of a 14th century icon, today in St.
Petersburg. Golden
two-headed eagles on the Icon of Christ Pantocrator, 1355 ca. Egg
tempera over gesso; wood. State
Hermitage. N° J 515. H. 106 cm. W. 79 cam Acquired
in 1930. Formerly in the State Russian Museum. Christ is
shown half length. In the lower margins are
portraits of the donors. Of the figure in the left margin, only traces of a
headdress, part of the contour outlining the head, and the inscription [ΔE]HΣHΣ TOY [ΔOYΛOY] Θ[EO]Y
AΛΞEIOY TOY [ΣTPATO ΠEΔAPXOY ("Prayer
of Gods’s slave, the Grand Stratopedarch Alexius") have survived. The
donor in the right margin wears a tall headdress, and garments with a double
eagle pattern; he is shown in an attitude of prayer, facing towards the
centre; above his head is the inscription È ΔEHΣHΣ TOY ΔOYΔOY ΘEOY IΩ
[ANNOY] TOY MEΓAΛOY ΠPIMIKYPIOY ("Prayer of God’s slave, the Grand
Primicerion John"). These two men are, according to written sources of
the period, the founders of the church of Christ Pantocrator, founded
1363. [13] The title
of „Megalou Primikuriou” in fact was the title of the chief of
ceremonies and the commander of the central imperial regiments in
Constantinople. Such a commander may have been paralelled at the Russian
court by Ivan II the Gentle, Grand prince of Moscow and (1353-1359). He received much aid from the
capable Metropolitan
Alexius.
1354-1378 In 1316
the Metropolitan of Kyiv had changed his see to the city of Vladimir, and in
1322 moved to Moscow. |
|||||||||||
|
Ivan
II had agreed with Prince Michael Borisovich of Tver to
conduct foreign relations in concert and by consultation, but, when the Tverite
complained that Ivan was not consulting him on important matters, Ivan
attacked him and annexed his lands (1485). By the end of Ivan’s reign, there
were no Russian princes who dared conduct policies unacceptable to Moscow.
Tver Principality, Michael
Borisovich (1461-1485).AR denga, *Double-headed Eagle* type, ca 1475. Huletski-Petrunin, #2855. g. 0.53 mm. 14.00 RRR. |
||||||||||||
|
After
Michael Borisovich Ivan III also bore a two headed eagle om his seal and
after him meny of his successors. For
special purposes these eagle bore the arms ofr seal of Moscow on their breast
for but also a unicorn of the khans of the
Golden Horde difference. This implies that they considered themsleves
to be the Megalou Primikuriou or
commanders of the regiments of both of these territories. |
||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||
|
Basil I |
1389-1425 |
|||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||
|
Basil II |
1425-1462 |
|||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||
|
Iwan III, the Great Iwan the Young |
1462-1505 co-regent 1471-1490 Conquest
of Jaroslavl 1463 Conquest of Rostov 1474 Conquest of Novgorod 1478 Sovereign 1480 Conquest of Twer 1485 |
|||||||||||
|
The rule of Grand prince Ivan III (1462-1505) was
an important period in the process of forming the Russian centralized State.
Ivan III managed to put an end to the dependence from the Golden Horde by
repelling in 1480 the raid of Khan Akhmad against Moscow. The Grand
principality of Moscow had incorporated Yaroslavl, Novgorod, Tver, and Perm'
territories.before. The state had succeeded in developing relations with
other countries in Europe and to consolidate its international position. In
1497 the first All-Russian Law Code (Sudebnik)
was approved . Just at this time of establishing Russian state
system the national emblem of Russia became the double-headed eagle as a
symbol of supreme power, sovereignty and autocracy as it was introduced in
Russia. The first remained evidence of the double-headed eagle appreciated as
an emblem of Russia was its placing by Ivan III on the great prince's seal.
It stamped in 1497 the charter of share and allotment in respect to
possessions of independent princes. At the same time the image of gilded
double-headed eagle upon a red ground appeared on the walls of the Faceted
Chamber in the Kremlin. In 1465,
Ahmed Khan seized power in the Horde by rising against his brother Mahmud
bin Küchük, who
had been its ruler since 1459. In 1472, Ahmed Khan entered into alliance with the Polish king Casimir
IV against Ivan
III of Russia. In
1476, Ahmed Khan suggested to Ivan III that he should recognize him as his
overlord. However the situation of forces was not in the Horde's favour. In 1480,
Ahmed Khan organized another military campaign against Muscovy, which would
result in the great stand on the Ugra river, 150 miles from Moscow. They stood off
shouting at one another on opposite banks for weeks before a conflict became
inevitable. Panic set in, as both sides suddenly turned deciding to flee,
rather than fight in the tradition of Genghis Khan. The Horde's retreat meant
that the last of the conflict between Eurasians was over. The Mongols' last
possessions were in Kazan, Astrakhan, and the Crimea. Ivan III, Russia's
ruler finally freed himself from the Tatar-Mongol dependency. On 6
January 1481, Ahmed Khan and his men were killed by Siberian Khan, Ibak Khan of Tyumen and Nogays at the mouth of the Donets River. Conquest of Twer 1485
Equestrian mantle of an Emperor [14] probably of Iwan III Blueish-black
silk with golden embroidery. Undated but probably 15th century (or
alternatively: Byzantine, beginning 11th cent). Because
of the color of the mantle, the shape of the crown and the three human figures
underneath the hooves of the horse (the princes of Jaroslavl, Rostov and
Novgorod for example) it is proposed that the mantle is of russian origin in
connection with the byzantine court after the marriage of Sophia Paleologa (1472). And probably a
gift of Sophia Palaeologa in 1480.
Iwan III, the Great on his throne, 1488 The
sovereign in official dress with sceptre, orb and capped crown crested with a
cross. On the top of the throne a black two-headed eagle. On his right, on a
lesser throne, his son Iwan the Young. Detail of “The 1488 legation of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary in the
court of Ivan III of Russia.” Painting of an unknown Hungarian artist from
the early 16th century. Hungarian National Gallery. The Hungarians are in red
and black clothes. [15] A black two-headed eagle but nimbused was
also the heraldic emblem of Emperor Frederick III of the Holy Roman Empire
(1452-1493). Such an eagle was introduced by Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg
when emperor elected 1417. 1491 Ivan III’s full title was carved in
latin and russian in 1491 on stone slabs of the Frolov Gate of the present
Spassky Tower of the Kremlin. The Russian inscription reads: “In the Julian year of 6999, by the Grace of
God, this Tower was erected on the orders // of Ivan, son of Vassily, Ruler and Autocrat of All Russia and
Grand Prince of Vla//dimir and Moscow and Novgorod and Pskov and Tver and
Yug//ria and Vyatka and Permia and Bolgary etc. in the 30th year of his reign
and was built by Pyotr Antonie from the city of Milan”. The original stones are in the depositories
of the State Museums of the Kremlin. In 1949 copies were put back in the
Spassky Tower.
Construction slab from the Saviour's Tower Russia, 1491 Architect Pietro Antonio
Solari White stone; colouring,
adzing, carving Height 59 cm; width 84 cm;
depth 10 cm Acquired by the museum
collection after restoration works in 1950. On the
stone in the museum the following latin text is inscribed: IOANNES VASILII DEI GRATIA MAGNUS DUX VOLODIMERIAE, MOSCOVIAE,
NOVOGARDIAE, TFERIAE, PLESCOVIAE, VETICIAE, ONGARIAE, PERMIAE, BUOLGARIAE ET
ALIAS TOTIUSQUE RAXIE DOMINUS, ANNO 30 IMPERII SUI HAS TURRES CONDERE FECIT
ET STATUIT PETRUS ANTONIUS SOLARIUS MEDIOLANENSIS ANNO NATIVIT ATIS DOMINI
1491 KALENDIS MARTIIS IUSSIT PONERE. That is: Ivan
Vasiliyevich, by the grace of God the Grand Duke of Vladimir, Moscow,
Novgorod, Tver, Pskov, Vyatka, Yugra, Perm, Bulghar, and for other reasons
that of all of Raxis, the year 30
of their government, these towers he
did [commission] a Pietro Antonio Solari of Milan in the first of March, in
the year of the Lord 1491.
Passage in the Kremlin Palace of Facets In 1487,
Grand Duke Ivan III commissioned two Italian Renaissance architects, Marco
Ruffo and Pietro Solario, to build a stone palace after a series of
fires that had ravaged the then predominantly wooden Kremlin. The new palace
was completed in 1492 and served
as the most important venue for formal receptions of the Tsar, coronation
celebrations, feasts, and state ceremonies. The black
two-headed eagle was abandoned at the same time and exchanged for the golden
two-headed eagle of Byzantium, obsolete since the fall of the Eastern-Roman
Emperor in 1453. Thus the black two-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire,
being the badge of rank of an imperial vicar of the Holy Roman Empire was
replaced by the badge of rank of
a greek commander and chief of
ceremonies.
1497 Seal: Rider and dragon Caption: grand prince ioan by god’s grace sovereign
of all rus. Counter seal: Crowned two-headed eagle. L.: and grand prince of vlad[imir], and mosc[ow], and nov[gorod], and psk[ov] and tve[r], and ugo[ra], and viat[ka], and per[m], and bol[gar]. [16])[17]) ....Die ersten Bullen mit dem Doppel-Adler auf der Hauptseite und dem Einhorn auf der Rückseite, sind vom Grossfürsten Johann III Wassiljewitsch[18]) 1497 Seal: Rider spearing dragon. L.: grand prince ioan by god’s grace sovereign of all rus. CS.: Crowned two-headed eagle. L.: and grand prince of vlad[imir], and mosc[ow], and nov[gorod], and
psk[ov] and tve[r], and ugo[ra], and viat[ka], and per[m], and bol[gar]. [19] 1491 Ivan III’s full title was carved in
latin and russian in 1491 on stone slabs of the Frolov Gate of the present
Spassky Tower of the Kremlin. The Russian inscription reads: “In the Julian
year of 6999, by the Grace of God, this Tower was erected on the orders // of
Ivan, son of Vassily, Ruler and Autocrat of All Russia and Grand Prince of
Vla//dimir and Moscow and Novgorod and Pskov and Tver and Yug//ria and Vyatka
and Permia and Bolgary etc. in the 30th year of his reign and was built by
Pyotr Antonie from the city of Milan”. The original stones are in the
depositories of the State Museums of the Kremlin. In 1949 copies were put
back in the Spassky Tower. ....Die ersten Bullen mit dem Doppel-Adler
auf der Hauptseite und dem Einhorn
auf der Rückseite, sind vom Grossfürsten Johann III Wassiljewitsch |
||||||||||||
|
Wassily
III |
1505-1533 |
|||||||||||
|
Vasily
III continued the policies of his father Ivan III and spent most of his reign
consolidating Ivan's gains. Vasily annexed the last surviving autonomous
provinces: Pskov in 1510, appanage of Volokolamsk in 1513, principalities of
Ryazan in 1521 and Novgorod-Seversky in 1522. Also he
took the heraldic consequences of the conquest of the remnants of
the Golden Horde by supporting the unicorn of 1417 by the two-headed eagle of
the Grand Prince (Megalou Primikuriou). The seal
of Moscow remained the same respresenting a rider spearing a dragon and a
two-headed eagle on the reverse. |
||||||||||||
|
1505-1533 Gold Grivna of Vassily III, obverse [20] |
||||||||||||
|
Golden bull with crowned two-headed eagle Treaty of
alliance between Wassily III and Maximilian I of Austria (Staatsarchiv
Wien, 07-02/-03 1514) Counter seal: A like bull, somewhat smaller, is in the
Berliner Staatsarchive on a treaty with the Grandmaster of the Teutonic Order
Margrave Albrecht of Brandenburg dd. 1517. Both bulls are remarkable because
the title of Tsar is on them |
||||||||||||
|
1547-1721 |
||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||
|
Ivan IV, the Terrible |
1533-1584 Tsar 1547 Conquest of Kazan 1552 Conquest of Astrakan 1556 |
|||||||||||
|
The
largest Russian golden bull is from 1562; It is in the royal archives in
Copenhagen and is a so-called eagle seal, with a double-headed eagle on both
sides. On the main side, in the breast shields of the eagle, on the obverse
the rider, piercing the dragon, and on the reverse, the unicorn..[21]
1562 Arms: Moscow Supporter:
Double princely crowned two headed
eagle Caption: БОЖІЕЮ МІЛОСТИЮ ЦАРЫ ВЕЛІКІ КНАЗЪ ИВАНЯ ВАСІЛЪЕВИУЫ ГОСПОДАРЪ ВСЕѦ РОУСІН ВОЛОДІМЕРСКІИ МОСКОВСКІИ НОВГОРОДСКІИ ЦАРЪ КАЗАНСКІИ И ЦАРЪ АСТАРАРАХАНСКІИ ГДРЪ ПСКОВСКІИ І ВЕЛИКИКНА СМОЛЕНСКІ ТВЕРСКІ ЮГОРСКІ ПЕРМСКІ ВѦТЦИІ БОЛГАРСКІ In fact the arms of Moscow
supported by the eagle is the achievement of the vicar of Moscow of the rank of commander (megalou primikeriou) chief of ceremonies. In the west there were
many of such official in the time of the imperial sede vacante when a new emperor was elected. The se bore their
own coat of arms supported by the black imperial two headed eagle 1569. Two-sided
seal of Ivan IV, the Terrible. On the obverse a crowned two-headed eagle and
on the reverse a unicorn.
1583/’84 Arms:
Moscow Supporter:
Single royally crowned two headed eagle The first great imperial seal with the coat
of arms of the title comes from the same tsar (= Ivan IV). It is a wax bull
of 111 millimeters in diameter, which is kept by the Stockholm Archives.The
double eagle, of beautiful drawing, is no longer covered by two small crowns,
but it carries a large open tsar's crown, on which middle zinc stands an
eight-pointed cross.On the chest, the double eagle carries the shield met the
rider.Above the double eagle, on the outer edge, enclosed by two rows of
inscriptions, the hypocrite had the Russian cross, raised on steps,
attached.Under the latter lies the Adams skull. Next to the cross on the
left, the lance and right, the pipe with the sponge.Next to it is the
scriptures ЦРЬ - СЛА - ІС - ХС - НІ - КА, ( King of Glory, Jesus Christ, Victory), then below: KO (the lance)
and TP (the stick), МЛ (мђсто лобное the crucifixion of the skull, the
Golgotha, and PE.(распятіе, crucifixion) The
inscription reads: "ДРЕВО
ДАРОVЕТЪ ДРЕВНЕЕ ДОСТОЯНІЕ" (the
wood, that is the cross., gives the old heritage). This is followed by twelve
coats of arms, each with a special inscription in heraldic order: Novgorod,
Kazan, Astrakhan, Pskov, Smolensk (confused with Tver), Tver, (confused with
Perm), Jugria, Perm (confused with Obdoria or Udorien), Wiätka, Bulgaria,
Nishny Novgorod and Chernigov (confused with Astrakhan).On the back, the same
idea, only with the unicorn on the chest of the double eagle and the
indistinct inscription: " Christ The Mighty, Christos is King, perhaps
according to the Latin Christ regnat, Christ Empire).Then follow the coats of
arms, according to the conclusion of the title, also in heraldic order, of
Riäsan, Polotzk (the Stibcy of the Jagellons), Rostov, Yaroslav, Bielosersk,
Udorien, Obdoria, Condiinia, Siberia, the Archbishop of Riga, the Master of
the Livonian Order (Wilhelm von Fürstenberg) and the city of Reval. All these coats of
arms deviate from those which later became common. [22]
Back of the Ivory Throne of Ivan IV the Terrible Western-Europa, 16th cent. The ivory panel carved with a two-headed
royally crowned eagle with sceptre and orb. To its right a unicorn and to its
left a lion. The two-headed eagle is upgaded her to a royal badge by adding a
royal crown, a sceptre and an orb.
|
||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||
|
Theodore I (Feodor I) |
1584-1598 Conquest of Siberia 1584-’88 |
|||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||
|
House of Godunow |
||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||
|
Boris Godunow |
1598-1605 |
|||||||||||
|
At the
coronation of Feodor Ivanovich as Tsar Feodor I on 31 May 1584, Boris Godunov
received honors and riches as a member of the regency council, in which he
held the second place during the life of the Tsar's uncle Nikita Romanovich.
When Nikita died in 1586, Boris had no serious rival for the regency. In
1672 Elias Ashmole wrote: We have likewise seen another of this Emperors great Seals, fixed to
his Letters, bearing date the 31. day
of May, an. Dom. 1594. which he also sent to Queen Elizabeth, and was
presented to her at Richmond, the 14. of October fol∣lowing, by his
Ambassador Evanowich: the Circumscription containing the same Stile and
Titles above set down. There is preserved in the Archives at Oxford, an Instrument containing
Letters testimonial of this Emperor, given to Doctor Christopher Ritinger his
chief Phy∣sician, the Seal whereof is Silver gilt, but
differs in size and design from the for∣mer, and contains on the
reverse the Figure of St. George and the Dragon only. A translation of the
whole Instrument I have transcribed hither, as it was com∣municated to me
by my worthy friend Mr. Thomas Hyde, the present Library-Keeper of that
famous Vniversity, a Gentleman of eminent Learning, in all kinds, and
especially in the Oriental Tongues. By the great mercy of God, We, great Lord, Emperor and great Duke Bor∣rys Feodorwich of
all Russia sole Commander, of Volodemersky, Mosco∣vesky,
Novogorodsky, King of Cazansky, King of Astracansky, King of Sibersky, Lord
of Vobsky, and great Duke of Smolensky, Twersky, Ugor∣sky, Permesky,
Votsky, Bulgarsky, and many others, Lord and great Duke of Novogorod,
Levelandsky, Udorsky, Obdorsky, Kondnisky, and all the Nor∣thern parts,
Commander. Lord of Iverskyland, King of Grusinsky, Caber∣dinsky Country;
Chercasky, and the Country of Iversky, and of many other Kingdoms Lord and
Commander, together with our princely Son Pheodor Bur∣rissiwich of all
Russia, do by these our princely Letters, given unto Doctor Chri∣stopher Ritinger
Physician, Hungarian born, acknowledge his true, faithful, and willing
service unto our Highness: in which his profession, We Lord, King and great
Duke Burrys Feodorwich of all Russia, have sufficiently tryed his skill, on
our princely person, which he carefully performed for the better preser∣vation of our
health: and through Gods great mercy, by his diligent and faith∣ful service hath
cured our Highness of a dangerous sickness. And therefore we Lord King and
great Duke Borys Feodorwich of all Russia sole Commander, with our princely
Son Pheodor Burryssiwich, in regard of his great learning and faithful
service to us, have admitted him to be our Princely Doctor, to mi∣nister Physick,
and attend on our royal person: to which end we have granted him our Letters,
and hereby we testifie his sufficient knowledge and practice in Physick...... Heraldic seal: Obverse: Crowned rider spearing a dragon (Moscow), Caption:
(translation in 17th cenury engilsh:) “By the great mercy of God, We great
Lord, Emperor [tsar], and Great Duke Borys Feodorowich of all Russia, sole
Commander, Lord and Governor of many other Countries and Kingdoms.” Counter seal: Double crowned two headed eagle and russian cross. Escutcheon: horse running to the sinister (Ashmole
1671, p. 229-230)
31.05-1594
Great seal of Boris Godunov, 1602 1602 Heralidc
seal: Two headed crowned eagle with escutcheon Moscow. Caption (translated in 17th cent. english):
“By Gods providence, We the great Lord, Emperor (tsar), and great Duke Boreece
Feodorwiche of all Russia self-upholder, of Wolodeemer, Mosko, Novograde,
Emperor of Kazan, Emperor of Astracane, and Emperor of Seebeeria, Lord of
Psokofskee, Great Duke of Smolenskee, Twerskee, Ugarskee, Permskee,
Vaticekee, Bolgarskee, and other; Lord and Great Duke of Novogradia, the
lower Countries, // From: Ashmole, Elias The
Institution, Laws and Ceremonies of the Most Noble Order of the Garter.
London, 1971. |
||||||||||||
|
Theodore II |
1605 |
|||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||
|
Dimitri the Pretender |
1605-1606 |
|||||||||||
|
Gold replica of the 18th
century, imitating the coronation gold medal of 1605 by Dmitry Ivanovich,
nicknamed "False Dmitry I" in Romanov history. Apparently, the
original of the medal, which somehow did not suit the later historians, was
destroyed. Instead, they made the “correct
medal”. Taken from ebay |
||||||||||||
|
House
of Shuiskii |
||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||
|
Basil IV Shuiskii |
†1612 1606-1610 |
|||||||||||
|
Василий IV Иванович Шуйский,
The
Muscovian Rider on coins 1606-1610 |
||||||||||||
|
Interregnum |
1610-1613 |
|||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||
|
House
of Romanow |
||||||||||||
|
The arms of the House of Romanov were Argent,
a griffin Gules armed with a sword and
a shield Or, and on the upper rim of the shield an eagle Sable, all witin a
bordure Sable charged with eight lion’s heads Argent and Or alternately. This coat
of arms is said to have been granted to Nikita Romanovic Zacharinim-Jurjevim
(† 1586), Michael's grandfather, in the year 1575 for his participation in
the Conquest of the city of Pernovo (Pärnu / Pernau). It is derived from the
Livonia coat of arms. (Taube, M.A.: K istorii gerba doma Romanovich //
Gerboved. 1913, pp. 103-117) |
||||||||||||
|
Michael |
1613-1645 |
|||||||||||
|
For the coronation of Mikhail Fedorov Romanov new regalia and
heralidc devices were made in 1627
Regalia of Michael Romanovich. Museum of the armory, Kremlin, Moscow These regalia were ordered by tsar Michael Feodorovic
in 1627. After 1776 the crown was called the “Crown of Astrachan”. |
||||||||||||
|
Alexei
|
1645-1676 Annexation of Smolensk, Sewersk and Ukraine 1667 |
|||||||||||
|
I.
Arms: Crowned Double Eagle ensigned Moscow Served himself of three different seals
1660 a.The great seal 1660 Heraldic
seal Two-headed crowned eagle,
royally recrowned, ensigned Moscow. Caption (in
17th century english): “By Gods mercy, We the great Lord, Emperor,
and Great Duke Alexeye Michailowiche of all the great and lesser and white
Russia Self-upholder, of Moscovia, Kieveskee, Wolodeemerskee, and
Novagardskee, Emperor of Kazan, Emperor of Astracan, Emperor of Siberia, Lord
of Pscofskee, and great Duke of Lettow, Smolenskee, Twerskee, Wolinskee,
Podolskee, Ugorskee, Permskee, Waticekee, Bolgarskee, and others. Lord and
Great Duke of Novogradia, the lower Countries, Cheringoskee, Rezanskee,
Polotskee, Rostosskee, Yaroslasskee, Belozerskee, Udorskee, Obdorskee,
Kandinskee, Weetebskee, Meesteslofskee, and of all the Northern parts Commander.
Lord of the Iverskee Countries, Kartalisnkee, Groonsiskee, and Igerskee
Empires, and of the Kabardinskee Countries, Cheringosskee, and Igorskee
Dukedoms, and of many other Dukedoms Eastern, western and northern, from
Father and Grandfather heir apparent Lord and Conqueror”. (Ashmole, 1671, p. 230) c. From the reign of Alexei Mihailovic the
two headed eagle is represented with wing upwards. Also he is royalay crowned
and has a sceptre and orb in his claws
1667 The new great seal of state as described in the Polnoie Sobranie Zakonov’ I. p. 737 for the
year 1667.[24])
«Орел
двоеглавный
есть герб
державный
великого
государя,
царя и
великого
князя Алекся
Михайловича,
всея
Великие и
Малые и Белые
России
самодержца,
его
царского
величества
Российского
царствйя, на
котором три
короны изображены,
значенующие
три великие -
Казанское,
Астраканское,
Сибирское,
славные
царства, по
оряющиеся
богом
хранимому и
высочайшей
его
царского
величества
милостивейшего
государя
державе и
повелению.На
правой
стороне
орла три
грады
своими
писаньми
образуют
восточных,
западных и
северных;
под орлом
знак отчича
и дедича ; на
персех
ображение наследика,
в пазноктех -
скипетр и
яблоко, и ябляют
милостивейшего
государя
его царского
величества
самодержца
и
обладателя.» [“The coat of arms of His Illustrious Majesty
the King and Grandprince of Greater-, Smaller- and White Russia, Alexander
Mihailovic, and of the Royal Russian Government, will be a two-headed eagle
crowned with three crowns symbolizing the great and famous Kingdoms of Kazan,
Astrachan and Siberia, subjected by Gods Grace and Greatness to the merciful
Imperial Government of His Highness the Tsar. On the right side of the eagle
are written the three titles for Greater-, Smaller- and White Russia and on
the left side of the eagle are the devices of the East, the West and the
North; under the eagle are the tokens of the redeemer and the Mother of God;
on his breast is a representation of Our coat of arms; in his claws are a
sceptre and an orb and a portrait of the merciful Lord His Majesty the Great
Ruler and Disposer.”]
Embellished state seal of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Image from the "The
Great Tsar's Book " ( Царский титулярник
"). 1672 1673.10.11. Heraldic seal: The same ...signore,
imperatore (tsar) e granduca Alessio Mihalovic, di tutta la Grande, Piccola e
Bianca Russia autocrate e di molti altri domini e terre orientali e
occidentali e settentrionali signore per eredita paterna ed avita... (Geheimarchiv, p.212 Taf CXX, Sella n 2209)
Silver enamel plate 1675 By Master Yuri Frobos,
Moscow, Kremlin Workshops The grand
seal of Alexis surrounded by the seals of (clockwise): Novgorod, Astrachan,
Pskov, Tver, Perm, Smolensk, Sibir, and Kazan. (the seals of Astrachan and Kazan
interchanged.) |
||||||||||||
|
Theodore
III |
1676-1682 |
|||||||||||
|
Coin of Theodore (Fjodor) showing the two headed
triple crowned eagle but without sceptre and orb
Gold coin (dukat) of Fjodor III |
||||||||||||
|
Iwan
V |
1682-1696 |
|||||||||||
|
Imperial crown made for Iwan V. Altabas crown The Altabas crown of the third set of Tsar
Ivan V Alekseevich was executed by Russian masters in 1684. Altabas is a
precious cloth, similar to brocade. So the crown was named altabas. It is the
only tsars crown executed of cloth. For the crown would not lose the shape,
it had an inner frame of smooth silver arches. The crown was adorned with
golden plates enameled with bright colours and coloured with gems. Some of
these plates were taken from the not survived Diamond Crown of Tsar Theodore
Alekseevich. In total it has circa 100 gemstones and pearls. Since 18th century this crown served as
heraldic crown of "Tsardom of Siberia". |
||||||||||||
|
Peter
I, the Great |
1682-1721 |
|||||||||||
|
1682 Chapka or Imperial crown used at the coronation
of Peter I, the Great. |
||||||||||||
|
Arms of Moscow,
Christofor
Jefarovic, 1695 Arms: Gules,
a crowned two headed eagle Or, ensigned Moscow Crown: A royal
crown of three leaves, two pearls and five hoops Here the time of the ruler of Moscow as a vicar of the Byzantine Emperor (the Empire fallen in 1453)
is over and Peter styling himself a sovereign king.
Great seal of Peter I 1697 (heavily damaged) 1697.04.30: Heraldic Seal: Arms.:
Moscow Supporter: Two-headed 3x
crowned eagle with sceptre and orb. Encicled by pictures of the capitals of
the six kingdoms. (see seal 1667). Caption.
(transcribed): bojeiu milostiu schii velikii gosudar'
tsar' i velikii kniaz' petr alezievitch' vseia velikiia i maliia i b'l'ia
rossii samoderjets' moskovskii kievskii vladimirskii novgorodskii tsar'
kazanskii tsar' astrakanskii tsar' sibirskii gosudar' i kniaz' smolenskii //
twerskii iugorskii bolgarskii i inik' gosudar' i velikii kniaz' novagoroda
nizowskie zemli tschernigowskii rezanskii rostowskii iaroslawskii
beloozerskii udorskii obdorskii kondinskii i wseia severn'ia strani i
gosudar' i wes // zemli kartalinskii gruzinskik' tsarei i kabardinskie zemli tscherkaskik' i gorskik' kniajei i
inik' mnogik' gosudartsv' i zemel' wostotschnik i zapadnik' i s'wernik otch'
i deditsch' i nasl dnik' i gosudar'. D.: 30.04.1697. (Sella, 1229, ASV Atti
diplomatici e privati, b. 64, n. 2044. Il Sigillo 1985, n° 28)
Royal seal, 1699 Arms: Gules,
a two-headed eagle Or, ducally crowned with sceptre and orb, ensigned Moscow Crown:
A royal crown Order:
Of St Andrew, (Russia 30-11 (11.12.) 1698)
Order of St Andrew Jewel, the
eagle of Gold
Lesser seal of state dry print
Lesser seal of State, 1710
Arms of Moscow and the Provinces of the Russian Empire A black two–headed
eagle crowned with two ducal crown and a royal crown, in its claws a sceptre
and an orb. Charged with the insignia of Moscow and Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod,
Kazan, Astrachan and Siberia. And surrounded by
26 insignia of .the provinces.. In the lower corners the arms of the Order of
St. Andrew (1698) From: Acta Eruditorum, III. Leipzig 1708 Stemmi. By
Johann Georg IV, Elector of Saxony.
Another table of Arms of Peter Alexandrovich, 1711 The arms of the
Kingdoms and 20 provicial arms. |
||||||||||||
|
To: The Empire |
||||||||||||
© Hubert de Vries
Heraldry of the World
